Ebola virus

Ebola virus disease

1. EBOLA  VIRUS   This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC .

2. Presented by:

3.       Content INTRODUCTION  HISTORY  CLASSIFICATION STRUCTURE TRANSMISSION  CAUSES  SIGN AND SYMPTOMS RISK FACTORS DIAGNOSIS PREVENTION TREATMENT CURRENT STATUS  CONCLUSION

4. INTRODUCTION

5. CEbola virus disease (EVD) is a deadly disease with occasional outbreaks that occur mostly on the African continent. EVD most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates (such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). It is caused by an infection with a group of viruses within the genus Ebolavirus: Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus) Sudan virus (species Sudan ebolavirus) Taï Forest virus (species Taï Forest ebolavirus, formerly Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus) Bundibugyo virus (species Bundibugyo ebolavirus) Reston virus (species Reston ebolavirus) Bombali virus (species Bombali ebola

6. HISTORY Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, the virus has been infecting people from time to time, leading to outbreaks in several African countries.  Scientists do not know where Ebola virus comes from. Based on similar viruses, they believe EVD is animal-borne, with bats or nonhuman primates being the most likely source. Infected animals carrying the virus can transmit it to other animals, like apes, monkeys, duikers and humans.

7. CDuring that time, laboratory workers with an unusual and severe disease were admitted to a hospital in Marburg, Germany. Subsequent investigation found that the immediate sources of the virus were green monkeys imported from Africa that were used for vaccine research. Those monkeys were also shipped to Frankfurt in Germany and Belgrade in former Yugoslavia. They were immediately euthanatized, and the epidemic was contained, though a total of 31 human cases and one generation of secondary transmission to health care workers and their family members occurred.  Nevertheless, high human mortality, unusual morphology of the virus, and the failure to identify its natural history left many in fear and deeply concerned about potential future threats.

8. The virus first spreads to people through direct contact with the blood, body fluids and tissues of animals. Ebola virus then spreads to other people through direct contact with body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from EVD.  This can occur when a person touches these infected body fluids or objects that are contaminated with them. The virus then gets into the body through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth. People can get the virus through sexual contact with someone who is sick with or has recovered from EVD. The virus can persist in certain body fluids, like semen, after recovery from the illness.

9. Ebola , also known as  Ebola virus disease  ( EVD ) or  Ebola hemorrhagic fever  ( EHF ), is a  viral hemorrhagic fever  of humans and other  primates  caused by  ebolaviruses. DEFINITION

10. Unsterilized needles. Sub optical hospital conditions. Personal contact. Through blood to blood contact. Human to human transmission. Reusing needles and blood gloves in hospital. Ebola is introduced into the human population Through close contact with the blood, secretions, Organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals. MODES OF TRANSMISSION

11. SIGN  AND SYMPTOMS The time interval from infection with Ebola to the onset of symptoms is 2-21 days, although 8-10 days is most common. Signs and symptoms include. EARLY STAGE: abdominal pain anorexia arthralgia asthenia (extreme) back pain Click to add text

12. diarrhea fatigue fever (>37.5⁰C) headache myalgia sore throat diarrhea Vomiting stomach pain lack of appetite

13. MID STAGE: rash red eyes hiccups cough sore throat chest pain difficulty breathing difficulty swallowing bleeding inside and outside of the body

14. LATE STAGE delirium hemorrhage (external/internal) hiccups multi-organ failure shock (hypovolemic and septic) Other symptoms of EVD, although rare, include encephalopathy, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and seizures

15. RISK FACTORS The main risk factors for Ebola virus disease (EVD) include  A recent travel to endemic regions  provision of direct care or exposure/processing of blood or body fluids of a symptomatic patient with Ebola virus disease  And direct contact with a dead body in an endemic region without personal protective equipment (PPE).

16. EXPOSURE RISK LEVELS Levels of exposure risk are defined as follows: High risk Some risk Low risk HIGH RISK Direct contact with a dead body without appropriate PPE in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission Having lived in the immediate household and provided direct care to a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic

17. SOME RISK In countries with widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic. Close contact in households, health care facilities, or community settings with a person with Ebola while the person was symptom LOW RISK Having brief direct contact (e.g., shaking hands) while not wearing appropriate PPE. Traveled on an aircraft with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic

18. DIAGNOSIS  Diagnosing Ebola virus disease (EVD) shortly after infection can be difficult. Early symptoms of EVD such as fever  Headache  Weakness are not specific to Ebola virus infection and often are seen in patients with other more common diseases, like  malaria   typhoid fever.

19.            SIGNS

20.   OTHER DIAGNOSTIC METHOD Based on the detection of antibodies an EVD case produces to an infection, can then be used to confirm a patient’s exposure and infection by Ebola virus. A positive laboratory test means that Ebola infection is confirmed.  Public health authorities will conduct a public health investigation, including identifying and monitoring all possibly exposed contacts.

21. PRIMARY PREVENTION     Practice careful hygiene (e.g., anti-bacterial hand wash ,soap and alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid from infected fruit bats or monkeys/apes and the consumption of their raw meat.  Animals should be handled with masks, gloves and other appropriate protective clothing.

22. SECONDARY PREVENTION WHO, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed a set of guidelines that  prevent from Ebola Virus  Use of personal protective equipment (according to the risk of splashes or other contact with infected materials) Isolation of Ebola patients   Close physical contact with Ebola patients should be avoided.   Safe   sterilization injection practices  

23.  Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital, as well as after taking care of patients at home.  Safe handling after death of infected patient

24.         SUPPORTIVE CARE At the moment, treatment for Ebola is limited to intensive supportive care includes: Maintaining their oxygen status and blood pressure Treating a patient for any complicating infections Providing fluids and electrolytes (body salts) orally or through infusion into the vein TREATMENTS

25. . MEDICATIONS   ZMapp:   Three chimeric monoclonal antibodies Favipiravir: Inhibition of viral RNA dependent RNA TKM-Ebola :        siRNA Brincidofovi r :     Oral nucleotide analog Inhibition of viral RNA polymerase BCX4430:           Inhibition of viral RNA polymerase   AVI-7537 :            Binding Ebola RNA

26. Therapeutics There are currently two therapeutic treatments approved by the U.S. Food and Drug. Administration (FDA) to treat EVD caused by the Ebola virus, species Zaire ebolavirus, in adults and children.  The first drug approved in October 2020, is a combination of three monoclonal antibodies.  The second is a single monoclonal antibody and was approved in December 2020. 

27. VACCINES In October 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) organized an expert consultation to assess, test, and eventually license two promising Ebola vaccines. On July 31 2015,  Lancet Trusted Source  published preliminary results of a vaccine trial funded and organized by the WHO in february 2007; the Ebola ca Suffit vaccine had 100 percent efficacy in the trial, which took place in Guinea and involved 4,000 people.

28. cAd3-ZEBOV:   CHIMPANZEE ADENOVIRUS SEROTYPE 3 (cAd3-ZEBOV) GlaxoSmithKline has developed this vaccine.  It uses a chimpanzee-derived adenovirus vector with an Ebola virus gene inserted. 2.  rVSV -ZEBOV  :   VESICULAR  STOMATITIS VIRUS VACCINE (  This was developed by the Public Health Agency of Canada in Winnipeg. The vaccine uses for livestock; one of its genes has been replaced by an Ebola virus gene

29. CURRENT STATUS   2014–2016 more than a dozen outbreaks that have occurred in seven African countries since 1976. It also spread between countries, starting in Guinea then moving across land borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia The disease has shown mortality rates ranging from 22% to 88%. In pakistan on 1, December,  2014 at Islamabad airport administration started to overlook the matter and kept sending a positive report to the WHO.

30.   The average ebola virus case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks. The 2018–2020 outbreak was the 10th in the DRC and the country’s deadliest, with 3,481 cases, 2,299 deaths and 1,162 survivors From 7 February to 31 March 2021, 1 898 people vaccinated, including 1 169 in Biena, 360 in Katwa , 297 in Butembo and 72 in Musienene . Front line workers accounted for 542 of those vaccinated.

31. CONCLUSION ​ Scientists have recently made breakthrough, there is still need for extensive research to find vaccines and cures for this deadly virus.​   Ebola virus is one of the dangerous virus in the world because it infects human through the inhalation, the most dangerous way is transmission among people. ​  Most severe clinical features to diagnose this virus . ​ If  someone  has Ebola virus  symptoms, it is necessary to take him/her  immediately to the hospital because if he/ she not treated will die  immediately ​ The western low-land   apes,gorilla  populations have been reduced by Ebola to such an extent  .

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