vi Preface
NANDA-I nursing diagnosis labels are designed
to be multiaxial with seven axes or descriptors. An axis
is defined as a dimension of the human response that is
considered in the diagnostic process (see Appendix B).
Sometimes an axis may be included in the diagnostic
concept, such as ineffective community Coping, in
which the unit of care (i.e., community) is named.
Some are implicit, such as Activity Intolerance, in
which the individual is the unit of care. At times, an
axis may not be pertinent to a particular diagnosis and
will not be a part of the nursing diagnosis label. For
example, the time frame (e.g., acute, intermittent) or
body part (e.g., cerebral, oral, skin) may not be relevant
to each diagnostic situation.
Desired Outcomes/Evaluation Criteria are identi-
fied to assist you in formulating individual client out-
comes and to support the evaluation process. Sample
NOC linkages to the nursing diagnosis are provided.
Nursing priorities are used to group the sug-
gested interventions, which are primarily directed to
adult care, although interventions designated as across
the lifespan do include pediatric and geriatric consid-
erations and are designated by an icon. In general, the
interventions can be used in multiple settings—acute
care, rehabilitation, community clinics, home care, or
private practice. Most interventions are independent
or nursing originated; however, some interventions
are collaborative orders (e.g., medical, psychiatric),
and you will need to determine when this is necessary
and take the appropriate action. Icons are also used
to differentiate collaborative interventions, diagnos-
tic studies, and medications, as well as transcultural
considerations. All of these “specialized” interventions
are presented with icons, rather than being broken out
under separate headings, to maintain their sequence
within the prioritization of all nursing interventions
for the diagnosis. Additionally, in support of evidence-
based practice, rationales are provided for the interven-
tions and references for these rationales are cited.
The inclusion of Documentation Focus sugges-
tions is to remind you of the importance and necessity
of recording the steps of the nursing process.
As noted, with few exceptions, we have pre-
sented NANDA-I’s recommendations as formulated.
We support the belief that practicing nurses and
researchers need to study, use, and evaluate the diag-
noses as presented. Nurses can be creative as they
use the standardized language, redefining and sharing
information as the diagnoses are used with individual
clients. As new nursing diagnoses are developed, it
is important that the data they encompass are added
to assessment tools and current databases. As part of
the process by clinicians, educators, and research-
ers across practice specialties and academic settings
to define, test, and refine nursing diagnosis, nurses
are encouraged to share insights and ideas with
NANDA-I at the following address: NANDA Inter-
national, PO Box 72, Mountain, WI 54149; e-mail:
[email protected]
Marilynn E. Doenges
Mary Frances Moorhouse
Alice C. Murr
0000_i-viii_7677_Doenges_NDM_FM.indd 6 30/01/19 12:55