ECOLOGICAL SANITATION...............pptx

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1. ECOLOGICAL SANITATION : WATER AND SANITATION IN CAMEROON 阿 诺 Wadefai passing joseph professeur: li zifu m202261017

2. CAMEROON GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMAT

3. CAMEROON GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMAT Cameroon is a country in Central Africa that encompasses an area of 475,442 km2 and has an estimated population of 23,439,189. The country is bordered by Nigeria (west and north), the Central African Republic (east), Chad (northeast), Equatorial Guinea (south), Gabon (south), and the Republic of Congo (south). Cameroon also has a coastline along the Bight of Biafra, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Gulf of Guinea. The country’s official languages are English and French, however, other languages spoken in Cameroon include German, Fula, Cameroonian Pidgin English, Ewondo , and Camfranglais . Cameroon experiences various types of climate, such as tropical, semi-arid, and rainy, which vary by region and terrain.

4. CAMEROON CULTURAL AND POPULATION Cameroon is often referred to as "Africa in miniature" due to its cultural and geographic diversity. It is home to more than 250 ethnic groups, each with its own traditions, languages, and customs. The major ethnic groups include the Bamileke , Beti-Pahuin , Fang, Fulani, and many others . In addition to English and French, there are over 250 indigenous languages spoken throughout Cameroon. Some of the prominent ones are Fulfulde, Ewondo , Duala, and Bamileke languages . The population of Cameroon practices various religions, including Christianity, Islam, and traditional indigenous beliefs . As of my knowledge cutoff in September 2021, Cameroon had an estimated population of around 26 million people.

5. CAMEROON WATER SANITATION Cameroon faces significant challenges in providing access to clean water and improved sanitation facilities. According to the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene by WHO and UNICEF, as of 2020, the water coverage in urban areas was 82% while in rural areas it was only 59%. Sanitation coverage in urban areas was 40%, while in rural areas it was 22 %. Inadequate water and sanitation infrastructure contribute to the spread of waterborne diseases in Cameroon. Diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and diarrheal illnesses are prevalent. Poor hygiene practices and limited access to clean water exacerbate the situation.

6. CAMEROON TOILETS USED TECHNOLOGY Ecological Sanitation ( EcoSan ) Toilets: EcoSan toilets are designed to separate urine and feces, allowing for better waste management and resource recovery. These toilets promote the reuse of nutrients in human waste for agricultural purposes. The urine is collected separately and used as a fertilizer, while the feces are composted. EcoSan toilets have been implemented in Cameroon to address sanitation challenges in both rural and urban areas .

7. CAMEROON TOILETS USED TECHNOLOGY Bio-digester Toilets: Bio-digester toilets utilize anaerobic digestion to treat human waste. They consist of a chamber where waste is digested by microorganisms, producing biogas and nutrient-rich effluent. The biogas can be used for cooking or electricity generation, while the effluent can be used as fertilizer. Bio-digester toilets have been implemented in Cameroon to provide sustainable and environmentally friendly sanitation solutions.

8. CAMEROON TOILETS USED TECHNOLOGY Waterless Toilets: Water scarcity is a significant issue in many parts of Cameroon. Waterless toilets, such as composting toilets and dry toilets, are designed to operate without the need for water for flushing. These toilets use mechanisms like dehydration, composting, or incineration to treat human waste. They can be particularly suitable for areas with limited access to water or areas facing water shortages

9. CAMEROON TOILETS USED TECHNOLOGY A pit latrine : also known as pit toilet, is a type of toilet that collects human feces in a hole in the ground . Urine and feces enter the pit through a drop hole in the floor, which might be connected to a toilet seat or squatting pan for user comfort. Pit latrines can be built to function without water (dry toilet) or they can have a water seal (pour-flush pit latrine).

10. COMEROON SANITATION SUITABLE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE FUTURE Developing and promoting innovative toilet designs and sanitation facilities can greatly improve hygiene and sanitation. For the future suitable technology sanitation in Cameroon those technology can be use for example: low-flush toilets, waterless toilets, self-cleaning toilets Mobile Sanitation Solutions Those technologys can help conserve water and reduce the spread of diseases.

11. REFERENCES https :// www.worlddata.info/africa/cameroon/climate.php https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-type-of-climate-does-cameroon-have.html#:~:text=The%20climate%20of%20Cameroon%20varies,well%20as%20along%20the%20coast . Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Factbook - Cameroon: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html Encyclopaedia Britannica - Cameroon: www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon Cameroon Government Official Website: www.prc.cm/index_fr.php (available in French) Lonely Planet - Cameroon: www.lonelyplanet.com/cameroon JMP. (2021). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020. World Health Organization and UNICEF . World Health Organization. (2018). Cameroon: Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance . "Pioneering Work on EcoSan Toilets in Cameroon" - Sustainable Sanitation Alliance ( SuSanA ) [Website]. Available at: https:// www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/157 "Improving Sanitation through Bio-digestion in Cameroon" - International Water Management Institute (IWMI) [Website]. Available at: https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/2020/11/improving-sanitation-through-bio-digestion-in-cameroon / "Waterless Toilets: A Sustainable Solution for Sanitation Challenges in Cameroon" - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) [Website]. Available at: https://www.cm.undp.org/content/cameroon/en/home/presscenter/articles/2019/07/09/waterless-toilets-- a-sustainable-solution-for-sanitation-challenges-in-cameroon.html Ngoma , J. C. A., et al. (2017). Improving Sanitation in Developing Countries: An Information and Communication Technology-Based Approach Applied in Zambia and Tanzania. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 5, 39. Djenontin , I. N. S., et al. (2020). Towards the Sustainable Development Goals: Exploring the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Situation in Sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainability, 12(9), 3830 . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_latrine#/media/File:Defecating_into_a_pit_(schematic). jpg https:// www.hopeforchildrencameroon.org/campaign-4 https://www.biofilcom.net/our-products / https://www.unicef.org/chad/stories/life-changing-latrines

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