Economic Importance of Plant Parasitic Nematodes

Includes general introduction of plant parasitic nematodes, their symptoms and economic importance.

1. Economic Importance of Plant Parasitic Nematodes Prepared By: Dr. Vijay Joshi

2. What are Nematodes? Nematodes are elongated, cylindrical, thread-like worms that live in a wide range of environments including soil, and in fresh and salt water. Nematodes feed on fungi, bacteria, protozoans, other nematodes, and plants. Plant parasitic nematodes mostly infect roots but can also infect tubers, stems and leaves. They either enter the plant tissue and feed from within (endoparasitic), or feed from the outside (ectoparasitic) using a modified tooth(stylet) to pierce cells and suck out the contents for nourishment.

3. Types of nematode based on parasitism

4. Migratory endoparasite (lesion) Sedentary endoparasite (RKN) Migratory ectoparasite (dagger) Sedentary ectoparasite (spiral)

5. GENERAL CHARACTERS : Well developed digestive, reproductive and sensory systems. Lack circulatory & respiratory systems. Tolerate harsh habitats avoid interspecific competition and many environmental selection pressures. Tolerate pH from 1.6 to 11.0. Found in temperatures from sub-zero to 60°C. Respond to CO 2 & root exudates. Phyto parasitic Hoplolaimus galeatus F ungivore Enchodelus hopedorus Facts: (AICRP Report) In India, plant-parasitic nematodes cause 21.3% crop losses amounting to Rs. 102,039.79 million (1.58 billion USD) annually. On a global scale, the annual economic crop yield losses due to plant-parasitic nematodes in major crops have been estimated to be USD 173 billion.

6. How nematodes interfere with plant physical and chemical defense system The nematodes establish their feeding sites in the xylem parenchyma cells, bringing about significant changes in the morphology, anatomy and biochemistry of the plant. Giant cells induced by RKN remain in a state of high metabolic activity through continuous stimulation by the nematode. The high concentrations of sugars, hemi-cellulose, organic acids, free amino acids, proteins and lipids benefits the fungal pathogens. The giant cells remain in a perpetual juvenile state which delays maturation and suberisation of other vascular tissues.

7. Top 10 Plant Parasitic Nematodes of World Root Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyn e spp.) Cyst Nematodes ( Heterodera and Globodera ) Root Lesion Nematodes ( Pratylenchus spp ) Burrowing Nematode ( Radopholus similis ) Stem and Bulb Nematode ( Ditylenchus dipsaci ) Pine Wilt Nematode ( Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ) Reniform Nematode ( Rotylenchulus reniformis ) Dagger Nematode ( Xiphinema index ) False Root Knot Nematode ( Naccobus aberrans ) Foliar nematode ( Aphelenchoides besseyi ) df

8. Major Plant Parasitic Nematodes of India Root Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyn e spp.) Wheat Seed Gall Nematode ( Anguina tritici ) Cereal Cyst Nematode ( Heterodera avenae ) Potato Cyst Nematode ( Globodera spp.) Rice Root Nematode ( Hirschmanniella spp. ) Rice Stem Nematode (Ditylenchus angustus ) White Tip Disease ( Aphelenchoides besseyi ) Burrowing Nematode ( Radopholus similis ) Citrus Nematode ( Tylenchulus semipenetrans ) Root Lesion Nematodes ( Pratylenchus spp ) df

9. Major Threats!!

10. Lesion Nematode In Corn Lesion Nematode In Strawberry Wilt Complex In Tomato Infected By RKN Chickpea Wilt Wilt Symptoms In Guava Infected By RKN

11. Anguina tritici Citrus Nematode ( Tylenchulus semipenetrans ) Lesion Nematode ( Pratylenchus spp.) df

12. Cereal Cyst Nematode ( Heterodera spp.) df

13. Root Knot Nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.) df

14. Burrowing Nematode ( Radopholus similis ) df

15. MANAGEMENT Chemical Measures Biological Measures Nimitz : Fluensulfone 2% G- Adama Furadan : Carbofuran 3% G - FMC Velam Prime : Fluopyram 400 SC- Bayer Pochonia chlamydosporia Paecilomyces lilacinus Trichoderma harzianum & T. virens Pseudomonas fluorescens Bacillus subtilis Pasteuria penetrans New Chemical Products: Tymirium : Cyclobutrifluram 450 SC- Syngenta Reklemel / Salibro : Fluazaindolizine 500 SC- Corteva New Biological Products: Quartzo : Bacillus licheniformis + B. subtilis - FMC Presence : Bacillus licheniformis + B. subtilis – FMC df

16. Conclusions The future of agriculture is strongly tied to the issues of food security, natural resource conservation and overall sustainability. Only improvements in the way we conduct agriculture will help feed the ever-growing world population. The root systems of all crops are negatively affected by poor nematode management, so this problem needs to be addressed. Nematodes being an emerging threat to crop cultivation, we must find a suitable ecofriendly and effective remedy. df

17. Future Prospects More awareness must be created among the scientific and farming community for development and adoption of integrated strategies for efficient management of the phytoparasitic nematodes and disease complexes induced by them. Being a renowned organization among farming community, we must introduce nematode solutions that are effective and ecofriendly. df

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