Economic Organization_Module 10_Presentation

This Module will present to you the Economic Organization.

1. Module 10: Economic Organization

2. Neolithic Stage -influenced social, cultural, political and most especially Economic aspect of societies. technological improvements- developed the economic processes. Form (2014)- shift of technological capacity allowed for *formation and extension of markets *modification of property relations *changes in the organization of labor

3. Economic Processes Reciprocity - when you give something away, you expect something in return - no goods and services lost *barter

4. Marshall Sahlins (1965) 3 major types of Reciprocity Generalized Reciprocity- gift giving without any expectation of immediate return. Balanced Reciprocity- expecting immediate return from any given favor, the value of the commodities is expected to be equal. Negative Reciprocity- the exchange tends to favor one party over the other, as the value of the goods for exchange in unequal .

5. 2. Transfer - resources from one individual or organization are given to another with no expectation of return. - allows for the redistribution of resources within an economic system.

6. 3 . Redistribution - resources of one, several individuals or groups are collected and distributed proportionally or equally to participating members.

7. 4. Market Transactions Market- referred to as the exchange of goods and services that involves buying and selling processes . *key element - separates market transaction from reciprocity and redistribution is the use o currency.

8. 5 . Foraging - one of the most ancient type of subsistence pattern - simplest way depending on environment Nomads - individuals or group of people who stay in a place for a short period of time.

9. Anthropologist 3 Major Types Pedestrian – hunting and gathering on foods for survival - occupied riversides, valleys and grasslands - digging sticks as tool Equestrian – hunted large mammals - horseback for transportation - larger and more mobile - dominated by men Aquatic -hunted aquatic animals, fish, mollusks and other marine animals.

10. 6. Pastoral Pastoralism- subsistence pattern that is primarily focused on tending herds of large animals. 2 classifications: * Pastoral nomads - have similarities with the way of life at foragers because of temporary settlements. - search for food and resources not just only for them but also for their animals. - needs of their animals. Transhumance pastoralist - following a cyclical pattern of migration - not for the animals but on planting and vegetation as their foods - trading their animals in exchange for grain or food

11. 7. Horticulture - is a combination of small-scale forming and domesticating animals for the purpose of food and prestige.

12. 8 . Market and State Market - involves all human actions associated with economic aspects. State - serves as the institution that protects and maintain economic balance through its economic laws and policies.