Edible and poisonous mushrooms

Edible and poisonous mushrooms

2. Submitted by
SHIVASHINI. R
ID No.: 2017021065
COUSE TEACHER
Mr. M. ARULSAMY
Assistant Professor
Plant Pathology
College of Agricultural Technology , Kullapuram, Via Vaigai Dam, Theni
Pin. 625 562 Tamil Nadu, INDIA

3. Itisafleshy,sporebearingfruitingbody
(reproductivestructure)producedbysomefungithat
belongtoBasidiomycota.

4. GILLS
PORES
TEETHS
PARTS UNDER CAP MAY BE…..

5. Theyproducemillionsofmicroscopic
sporesthatareformedinthegillsor
poresunderneaththemushroomcap.
Thesesporesblownawayintothewind
orspreadbyanimalfeeding.
Iftheylandonasuitablesubstrate
(suchaswoodorsoil),sporeswill
germinatetoformanetworkof
microscopicrootingthreads(mycelium)
whichpenetrateintotheirnewfoodsource.
Thesemyceliaaggregatesandformthe
fruitingbodycalledMushroom.

6. In shortly,

7. Mostwidelycultivatedmushrooms
intheworld.
Ithastwocolourstates-Whiteand
Brown.
Whenimmatureandwhite-White
mushroom/Tablemushroom.
Whenimmatureandbrown-Swiss
brownmushroom.
When mature- Portabella
mushroom.
Button mushroom: Agaricus bisporus

8. TheGenusnamePleurotus
(Latinword)means“sideways”
(i.e.,)thesidewaysgrowthofthe
stemwithrespecttothecap.
Thespecificepithetostreatus
(Latinword)means“likethe
shellofanoyster”
Ithasthebittersweetaromaof
benzaldehyde.
Tree oyster mushroom/ Pearl oyster
mushroom: Pleurotus ostreatus

9. The specificepithet
pulmonariusmeans“lungs”.
Thisismuchpalerthanthe
P.ostreatusanddevelops
moreofastem.
Thispreferswarmerweather
thanP.ostreatusandwill
appearlaterinthesummer.
Itsextracthaveanti-
inflammation,anti-diabetes,
anti-hypertensionandanti-
oxidantproperties.
Lung oyster mushroom: Pleurotus
pulmonarius

10. TheyarenativetoIndia.
Milkyodouristhereinthe
gillsofthesemushrooms.
Thestipeishardandtough.
Milky white mushroom: Calocybe indica
Paddy straw mushroom: Volvariella volvacea
Theseareharvestedatbutton
stagebecauseitbecomes
morefibrouswhenmatures.
Herevolvaisalsoanedible
part.

11. Thisisapolyporemushroom
(lackgills)thatgrowsin
clustersatthebaseoftheoak
trees.
Called“maitake”inJapan
whichmeans“Dancing
Mushroom”–becausepeople
danceforjoywhentheyfind
it.
Ithasmanymedicinal
values.(i.e.,)itimprovesBP,
bloodsugarandcholesterol
levels.
Hen-of-the-wood: Grifola frondosa

12. Itisalsocalledsulphurpolypore
orsulphurshelfbecauseitgrows
asstrikinggolden-yellowshelf-
likestructuresonthetreetrunks.
Laetiporusmeans“withbright
pores”andsulphureusmeans
“colourofsulphur”.
Theyproducelectins(LSL)which
areinvolvedinangiogenesis
(Developmentofnewblood
vessels).
Theygrowinoverlappingtiers.
Chicken of the woods: Laetiporus
sulphureus

13. Hydnum(Greekword)means
“truffle”andthespecificepithet
repandum(Latinword)means
“turnedup”.
Oftentheedgeofthis
mushroomcapisindeedturned
up.
Theyhavesweettaste.
Theyhavebiggerandbroader
cap.
Wood hedgehog: Hydnum repandum

14. Itiscalleddepressedhedgehog
becauseitissmallerthanthe
truehedgehogandaresparsely
distributed.
Theyhavesweettaste.
The specificepithet
umbilicatummeansalittle
“innie”bellybuttoninthecentre
ofthecap.
Depressed hedgehog: Hydnum
umbilicatum

15. Theinsideofamature
puffballisgreenish
brownwhereastheinside
ofaimmaturepuffballis
white.
Theseareedibleonly
whentheyareyoung.
Giant puffball: Calvatia gigantea
NOTE:Mushroomswithgillsmay
lookroundwhilethey’reimmature,
buttheirgillswillstillbedeveloping
inside.
Ifamushroomisapure
whiteontheinside,withnosignof
gillsatall,thenitisaPUFFBALL.

16. Thiscontainsα-amanitin
andphallotoxin.
Potentiallyfatalifeaten.
Initialmisdiagnosisof
foodpoisoning.
Gastrointestinaldistress
coupledwithliverand
kidneyfailure.
Lawn mushroom-Pholiotina
rugosa (Conocybe filaris)

17. Thiscontainsbothα-amanitinand
phallotoxins.
Becauseoftheheat-stable
amatoxins,theywithstandcooking
temperaturesandquicklydamages
bodycells.
Abdominalpainandlowersblood
sugar.
Severeconditionsresultsincoma
anddeathinmorethan50%cases.
Notabledeaths-PopeClementVII
andRomanEmperorClaudius.
Death cap-Amanita phalloides

18. Thiscontainsamatoxin
andphallotoxin.
CausesLivertoxicityif
immediatetreatmentis
nottakenproperly.
Mistakenasedible
mushrooms.
Deadly Dapperling–
Lepiotabrunneoincarnata

19. Thesearewoodrotting
mushrooms containing
amatoxinsandphallotoxins.
Mistakenashallucinogenic
Psilocybemushrooms.
Hypothermia,liverdamage
andresultsindeathif
untreated.
Autumn skullcap (Funeral bell) –
Galerinamarginata

20. Viscid violet cort:
Cortinarius iodes
Marsh webcap:
Cortinarius uliginosus

21. TheseCortinariusspp.
containsOrellanine.
Thistoxincauses
kidneyfailureanddeath
ifuntreated.
Deadly webcap -
Cortinarius rubellus

22. TOXINS PRODUCED BY POISONOUS
MUSHROOMS
TOXIN LEVELOF
TOXICITY
EFFECT WHEN
CONSUMED
Alpha-
amanitin
Deadly
Liverdamage 1-3 days after
ingestion. Principle toxin in
the Genus Amanita
Phallotoxin
(Phalloidin)
Non-lethal
Interferein Bile secretion
Gastrointestinal upset

23. Orellanine Deathly
Kidney failure within 3 weeks
afteringestion. Principaltoxin
in the Genus Cortinarius

24. MuscardinePotentially Deadly
Respiratory failure. Found
inthe Genus Omphalotus
Coprine Non-lethal
Illness when consumed
with alcohol

25. Ibotenic acidPotentially
deadly
Neurotoxicity. Principal
toxinin Amanita muscaria,
A. gemmata and
A.pantherina
Musinol Non-lethal CNS depressionand
hallucinations.

26. Psilocybin and
psilocin
Non-poisonous
CNS arousal and
hallucination.
Principaleffects in
psilocybin
mushrooms, many
belonging to the
Genus Psilocybe
Psilocybe cubensis

27. POISONOUS
MUSHROOMS
EDIBLE
MUSHROOMS
Whenyou cut the mushroom, it
turns either green or purple.
Whenyou cut the mushroom,
it doesn’t stain green or
purple.
Whenyou taste a piece of the
mushroom, it burns or stings the
tongue.
When you taste a piece of the
mushroom,it doesn’t burn or
sting the tongue.
Poisonous mushrooms have bad
odour.
Ediblemushrooms have
pleasant odour.
Ittastes bitter. It has sweettaste.
Absenceof worms. Presenceof worms.
Presence of scales in the cap.Mostlyabsent.

28. REFERENCES
Barbato,M.P.1993.Poisoningfromaccidentalingestionofmushrooms.MedJAust.158:
842-847
Hawksworth,D.L.2001.Mushrooms:theextentoftheunexploredpotential.IntJMed
Mushrooms.3:333-337
https://www.scitechnol.com/peer-review/edible-and-nonedible-wild-mushrooms-nutrition-
toxicity-and-strategies-for-recognition-dY0s.php?article_id=7395
https://www.wildfooduk.com/articles/how-to-tell-the-differemce-between-poisonous-and-
edible-mushrooms/
https://rethinksurvival.com/edible-vs-poisonous-mushrooms-what-is-the-difference/
https://www.britannica.com/science/mushroom
https://tableagent.com/article/an-introduction-to-mushrooms