Edible Vaccine

Edible vaccine production

1. E D I B L E V A C C I N E S LET THY FOOD BE THY MEDICINE Food Biotechnology

2. Submitted by- Deedarul Hyder Sani 2014431001 Md . Abdul Kader 2014431003 Submitted to- Dr.Md . Kamrul Islam Associate Professor Dept. of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnolgy .

3. VACCINE A biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe stimulate the body's immune system to recognize the agent, destroy it, and keep a record of it for later encounters reduced mortality rate caused by various organisms. one of the safe and effective measure to control various infectious diseases. A protein which acts as the vaccine, present in food and consumed as the internal composition of food is known as EDIBLE VACCINE

4. EDIBLE VACCINE- WHY ? Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach Edible vaccine gives cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines for their delivery systems. Oral vaccines provide “mucosal immunity” at various sites by secreting antibodies. Don’t need to worry about re-use, misuse and lack of sterilization. Thus, low risk of infection.

5. History of Edible vaccines Mason et al 1992 Haq et al 1995 McGarvey et al 1995 Mason et al 1996 Hein et al 1996 …. Hepatitis Hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ) Tobacco/leaf Norwalk virus (NV) Gastroenteritis Norwalk virus capsid protein (NVCP) Potato/tuber tobacco/leaf Rabies virus Rabies Rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) Tomato/leaf, fruit V. Cholerae Cholera Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) Tobacco/leaf E. Coli Diarrhea Heat labile toxin B subunit (LTB) Potato/tuber, tobacco/ leaf 5

6. IDEAL PROPERTIES EDIBLE VACCINES Nontoxic or Nonpathogenic very low levels of side effects Not cause problems in individuals with impaired immune system Long lasting humoral and cellular immunities Vaccination should be Simple Not contaminate the Environment Sould be effective in affordable

7. Plants used for edible vaccine Tobacco Potato Banana Tomato Rice Lettuce Soybean Alfalfa Carrot Peanuts Wheat corn

8. Plant species Potato : Advantage Easily transformed. Easily propagated. Stored for long periods without refrigeration. Disadvantage Need cooking which denature antigen. Banana Advantages Do not need cooking. Protein not destroyed even after cooking. Inexpensive . Grown widely in developing countries. Disadvantages Trees take 2-3 to mature years. Spoils rapidly after ripening. Rice Advantages Commonly used in baby food. High expression of antigen. Disadvantages Grows slowly. Requires glasshouse conditi on. Tomato Advantage Grow quickly. Cultivate broadly. High content Vitamin-A may boost immune response. Disadvantages Spoils readily.

9. TARGET PATHOGENS EXPRESSED IN MODE OF ADMINESTRATION Enterotoxigenic Ecoli (humans) Potato, tobacco Immunogenic and protective when administered orally. Vibrio cholera(humans) Potato Immunogenic and protective when administered orally. Hepatitis B virus (humans) Tobacco Extracted proteins is Immunogenic when administered by injection Hepatitis B virus (humans) Potato Immunogenic and protective when administered orally. Norwalk virus(humans) Potato Virus like particles form and Immunogenic when administered orally. Rabies virus (humans) Tomato Intact glycoproteins Foot and mouth disease (agricultural domestic animals) Arabidopsis Immunogenic and protective when administered orally Foot and mouth disease (agricultural domestic animals) Alfalfa Immunogenic and protective when administered by injection or orally Transmissible gastroenteritis corona virus (pigs) Maize Protective when administered oral ly

10. CONCEPT OF EDIBLE VACCINE Developed by Arntzen in the 1990s . Introduce genes of interest into plants (Transformation) Genes expressed in the plant tissues edible parts (Transgenic plants) Genes encode putatively protective vaccine antigens from viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens that cause disease in humans and animals Ingestion of the edible part of the transgenic plant (Oral delivery of vaccine)

11. FACTORS AFFECTING EDIBLE VACCINES Antigen selection Efficacy in model systems Choice of plant species Delivery and dosing issues Safety issues Public perceptions and attitudes to genetic modification Quality control and licensing FACTORS AFFECTING EFFICACY OF EDIBLE VACCINEs

12. APPLICATIONS

13. MALARIA Three antigens are currently being investigated for the development of a plant-based malaria vaccine , merozoite surface protein (MSP) 4 and MSP 5 from Plasmodium falciparum , and MSP 4/5 from P. yoelli . Wang et al have demonstrated that oral immunization of mice with recombinant MSP 4, MSP 4/5 and MSP1, co-administered with CTB as a mucosal adjuvant, induced antibody responses effective against blood-stage parasite. 2. MEASLES Mice fed with tobacco expressing MV-H (measles virus haemagglutinin from Edmonston strain) could attain antibody titers five times the level considered protective for humans and they also demonstrated secretory IgA in their faeces . Carrot, banana and rice are the potential candidates

14. HEPATITIS B significantly exceeded the protective level of 10 mIU /mL in humans .. potato-based vaccine against hepatitis B have reported The amount of HBsAg needed for one dose could be achieved in a single potato. 4. STOPPING AUTOIMMUNITY The transgenic potato and tobacco plants when fed to nonobese diabetic mice showed increased levels of IgG , an antibody associated with cytokines that suppress harmful immune response.

15. 5. CHOLERA plants were transformed with the gene encoding B subunit of the E. coli heat liable enterotoxin (LT-B). Transgenic potatoes expressing LT-B were found to induce both serum and secretory antibodies when fed to mice; these antibodies were protective in bacterial toxin assay in vitro . This is the first “proof of concept” for the edible vaccine.

16. Advantages of Edible vaccines DO not require administration by injection. Possible production of vaccines with low costs. Do not require separation and purification of vaccines from plant materials. Necessary syringe & needles not required . Economical in mass production and transportation. Heat stable, eliminating the need for refrigeration.

17. DISADVANTAGE OF EDIBLE VACCINE Development of immunotolerance to vaccine peptide or protein . Consistency of dosage form fruit to fruit, plant-to-plant, and generation-to-generation is not similar . Stability of vaccine in fruit is not known . Dosage of vaccines would be variable . Selection of best plant is difficult . Certain foods like potato are not eaten raw, and cooking the food might weakens the medicine present in it . Not convenient for infants.

18. Safety aspects contamination through cross pollination. vaccine antigen may affect browsing animals. vaccine contamination via plant debris spreading on surfaces and ground waters. Affect on humans living in the area drinking vaccine polluted water or breathing vaccine polluted dust. cultivation and production of pharmaceutical crops should be limited to control the production facilities like greenhouse, or in plant tissue culture, that prevent the environmental release of biopharmaceuticals.

19. Edible vaccine creating inexpensive vaccines that might be particularly useful in immunizing people in developing countries, where high cost, transportation and the need for certain vaccines to be refrigerated, can hamper effective vaccination programs. Edible vaccine might be solution to get rid of various ailments as it has more advantages compared to traditional vaccine. Edible plant-derived vaccine may lead to a future of safer and more effective immunization. CONCLUSION

20. References 1)P Lal et al, edible vaccines: current status and future, Indian journal of medical microbiology, (2007) 25 (2):93-102. 2 )Mason HS, et al. (2002). Edible plant vaccines: applications for prophylactic and therapeutic molecular medicine. Trends Mol. Med. 8:324-329. 3) Ruf S, et al. (2001). Stable genetic transformation of tomato plastids and expression of a foreign protein in fruit. Nat. Biotechnol. 19:870-875. 4)Ongoing Project- Development of edible vaccine using transgenic plants (HIV antigen into Tomatoes) funded by Agriculture research service of the U.S department of Agriculture which is ISTC partner project #2176 http://www.istc.ru 5)Mason H. S. et al. (1992). Expression of Hepatitis B surface antigen in transgenic plants, Proct Natl Acad Sci USA, pp- 11745-11749 6)Mason H. S. et al. (1996). Expression of Norwalk virus capsid protein in transgenic potato and tomato plants and its oral immunogenicity in mice, Proct Natl Acad Sci USA, pp- 5335-5340 7) Yusibev V. et al.(2002) Expression implants and immunogenicity of plant virus based experimental rabies vaccine, vaccine, 20, pp-3155-3164

21. THANK YOU