Educated unemployment

Dissertation educated unemployment

1. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
1

INTRODUCTION
Most of the economies of the world suffer from the problem of
unemployment. The problem unemployment in under developed countries
is basically different from that in developed countries. Generally speaking
the term unemployment denotes a condition of joblessness at the current
wage rate. When caused by the in capacity of the economic system, it is
called ‘involuntary unemployment’. In field of economic analysis, the term
unemployment has generally come to mean ‘involuntary unemployment’.
The phenomenon of the unemployment or “surplus labour” is
caused in the Keynesian system due to decline in the effective demand
while in under developed economics it is caused by the low per capita
means of production (i.e., capital and labour). The adoption of inferior
occupation by those who are not able to get employment (at the current
wage rate) such that the marginal productivity in these occupations is
lower than that in the rest of the economy characterizes the phenomenon
disguised unemployment.
Industrial backwardness of the states, together with the limited
scope for absorption of more workers in agriculture and the considerable
dependence on contractual employment, has led to large-scale and
gearing unemployment. Such unemployment is acute among two
categories of the population, agricultural laborers and educated segments,
but it is extensive also among other section of the population.

2. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
2

From social point view, unemployment means wastage of the
precious labour resources of the country. For an individual, unemployment
is a painful and demoralizing experience. Employment to be gainful and
sustainable has to be productive in character. Unemployment is a
multidimensional phenomenon in India. It is not restricted to be one sector
or group of population. Instead, it is a wide spread disease touching
almost every segment of the society.
Unemployment is an important problem affecting India. In the Indian
development planning growth was concerned as essential condition for
improving employment opportunities. The recent experience of growth has
not been employment friendly. Various observations made and revealed
that reforms are worsening unemployment situation. The growth of
organised sector is not absorbing growing labour. Even labour force
actually grew at a low rate in the reform period. Labour force growth will
still be higher in the future.
To understand the concept of unemployment it is necessary to
understand the concept of labour force cannot be unemployed. By the
internationally accepted definitions, all persons who are deemed to be in
the labour force. Correspondingly all those who are not working and the
neither seeking nor available for work are considered outside the labour
force and hence do not figure in employment or unemployment. The
growth rate of labour force is determined partly by the age structure of the

3. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
3

population and the sex specific labour force participation rate that can be
expected to obtain.
UNEMPLOYMENT IN KERALA
Unemployment in Kerala has been higher and increasing among
both men and women. Also the problem of unemployment in Kerala is
primarily the problem of educated unemployed among both men and
women. The educated unemployment is very serious and menacing
problem. The rate of unemployment in Kerala is very high, it may also be
pointed out that urban rates of unemployment are far higher than rural
ones and unemployment among female labour force is much above male
labour force. The causes of educated unemployment are defective
educational system with its theoretical bias, ‘educational inflation’, lack of
aptitude and technical qualification to various types of works among job
seekers and the maladjustment between demand and supply of educated
workers.
The number of job seekers in the live registers of employment
exchange in Kerala is pushing at the 38 lakhs. The total number of
educated unemployment youth on the live registers stood at 37.9 lakhs in
2004, a sharp increase of 1.56 lakhs over 1 year. The number of educated
unemployment in the state had shown a remarkable decline between 2002
& 2003 and then sharp increase during the year 2004.

4. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
4


A peculiar feature of Kerala’s unemployment situation is that
women out number of men seeking employment through employment
exchange. Especially the incidence unemployment among educated
women more in Kerala. Out of the total registered unemployment job in
Kerala. Out of the total registered unemployment job seekers of 38 lakhs
in Kerala women are 23 lakhs.
The Kerala model of development host of high level of social
development entered among women and children. Though the levels of
educated women have increased over the years the induction of educated
women into employment is limited. The trends of low per capita income
and initiating a high standard of living have led educated to take on the
dual role of home maker and supplemented of family income. Therefore it
becomes necessary to analyze the trends of correlation between
education among women and unemployment.

5. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
5

REVIEW OF THE LITRATURE
Unemployment is the most crucial socio-economic problem in
Kerala. It cannot be explained in a simple way. Studies relating to the
problem of educated unemployment in Kerala are limited.
Mark Bluag, Richard Layard and Mauren Woodhel in their work, in
their work, in causes of unemployment in India (1969) remarks that the
educated unemployment is caused by market imperfections. This
phenomenon is not due to over investment in education. There must be
steps to correct the market imperfections. As a remedy, there must be
active manpower policies. These manpower policies should aim at skill
formation among the educated people.
Gareth Williams, Tessa Blackstone and David Malcalf in their joint
work (The academic labour market economic and social aspects of
profession, 1974) make an opinion that the collection of homogeneous
labour market becomes out of fashion. The labour markets become more
specialized and professional qualifications of various kinds increasingly
becomes necessary condition of entry of all kinds of occupation.
Raj Krishna suggested a few criteria by which a person may be
called unemployed or under employed. According to him, there four major
criteria for which a person may be called unemployed. The first one is time
criterion according to which a person may be called unemployed or under
employed. If he has gainfully occupied during the year for a number of

6. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
6

hours or days. Dr. Raj Krishna has not specified has to what constitutes
full employment hours or days.
The second one is that of the income criterion. A person is
considered to be unemployed if he earn an income per year less than
some desirable minimum. According to Raj Krishna, the income criterion
can be useful to policy planner in deciding on the employment generating
plan must b given to those who are unemployed and below the poverty
line as well.
The third criterion is that of the willingness criterion. A person may
be called underemployed if he is willing to do more work than he is doing
at present. Such a person may either be actively searching for more work
or be available for more if it is offered to him on terms to which he is
accustomed.
The fourth criterion is the productivity criterion, a person may be
called unemployed or underemployed if he is removable from his present
employment and his removal would not reduce the total output.
STATEMENT OF THE STUDY
Educated unemployment is a burning issue in Kerala. The case
study of Thodiyoor panchayath shows that the problems of Educated
Unemployed Youths have been sufficiently considered.

7. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
7

RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY
The study on unemployment among educated youths. A
case study of ‘Thodiyoor Panchayath’ gains more relevance in the state of
Kerala due to the high literacy rate obtained among the other Indian
states. However the state Govt. is unable to generate sufficient
employment opportunities for this section of the population leading ‘to
brain drain in the economy.
Hence, this study focused an examining the level of unemployment
among the educated youth of the Thodiyoor Panchayath and to study the
role played by SHG and the schemes formulated by the Panchayath for
providing employment opportunities.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To examine the level of the employment among thee educated
youths in Thodiyoor Panchayath.
2. To assess the role of self help group (SHG’s) in the removal of
educated unemployment in the Panchayath.
3. To analyze the various programmes and schemes of the
panchayath for the reducing unemployment.

8. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
8


METHODOLOGY
Data is collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary
data is collected through the issue the questionnaire to 50 families
belonging to the Thodiyoor Panchayath to assess the number of youths
employed. Secondary data was collected from Panchayath officials and
staff about the various programmes. The activities and implemented for
the removal of unemployment problem. Programmes of SHG are also
obtained from that Thodiyoor Panchayath.

LIMITATIONS
1. Time constraint
2. Lack of co-operation on part of respondents
3. Travel expenses.

9. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
9

EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT IN KERALA
According to Labour Bureau’s “Third Annual Employment and
Unemployment Survey 2012-2013” released on (November 29, 2013)
unemployment rate amongst illiterate youth is lower than educated youth.
A comparison with the earlier report by labour bureau shows that the
unemployment level among this category has increased during 2012-2013
compared to 2011-2012.
While unemployment rate among illiterate youth is lowest i.e. 3.7%
among the age group 15-29 years at all India level in 2012-2013. The
unemployment rate in the same category was reported to be 1.2% in
2011-2012 report.
Similarly the unemployment among the graduate youth that
happened to be 19.4% in 2011-2012 which increase to 32 percent during
2012-2013. As stated in the report thee unemployment rate amongst the
educated youth reportedly increased with increase in their education level
(amongst all age group viz, 15-24 years, 18-29 years and 15-29 years).
Similarly in rural areas the unemployment rate among graduates
and above for the age group 15-29 years, was 36.6% whereas in urban
areas it was 26.5%.

10. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
10

Lack of migration is one of the main reasons for the low
employment in rural areas, on employment rate amongst rural youth is
higher because most of adequately skilled ones migrated to urban areas
and successfully get a job while the rest get involved in anything available
that is non permanent.
INDIAN SCENARIO
India’s educated youth’s are facing some serious issues like
educated unemployment and underemployment currently in India. We
have fairly low inflation but unemployment is high in particular, educated
unemployment is very high. It is around 20% among graduates. One
suspects that political instability in the country, lack of entrepreneurship,
lack of quality education and quality students for instance in the result of
excessive unemployment.
Bad education is hurting the economy. Recently Mr. Kapil Sibal has
tried to de-affiliate some of the colleges. Colleges play a very vital role in
making quality standards. If colleges provide quality education the
scenario would be better. There are many private and old Government
Colleges which fail to do this and hence produce less skilled graduate.
Opening of more private engineering colleges are adding fuel to the
unemployment problem.

11. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
11

EDUCATED UNEMPLOYMENT
A characteristic feature of unemployment in developing countries is
high incidence of unemployment among young and educated people.
Urban unemployment is the lack of job opportunities for the educated
people. The NSSO survey results suggest that the rate of unemployment
is very high among young people belonging to the age group 15-29 years.
Nearly 32.3% of young males and 45.8 of young females are unemployed
in Kerala.
Table 2.1
Unemployment rates among youth in Kerala (Currently daily status)
Category
Age group ( Years)

15-19 20-24 25-29 15-29

Rural


43.7
50.6
45.9



44.7
48.4
45.7


32.6
53.8
38.9



30.3
61.3
41.8


26.4
33.8
28.5



15.7
38.8
22.7


32.3
45.8
36.3



26.6
50.4
34.3
Male
Female
Person

Urban
Male
Female
Person

12. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
12


The incidence of unemployment was found very high in the age
group 15-19 years. The incidence of youth unemployment is very high
both in rural and urban areas. More than one third of the young labour
force in rural and urban areas in Kerala is unemployed.
Another characteristic feature of unemployment in developing
countries is high incidence of unemployment among educated people. The
NSSO survey show that one fourth of educated labour force in urban
areas is unemployed based on usual principal status.

13. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
13

A CASE STUDY OF EDUCATED
UNEMPLOYMENT I N THODIYOOR PANCHAYTH
Thodiyoor Gramapanchayath is one of the most important areas of
Kollam District. The total population of the area is 65048. The majority of
the people are educated, but they are job seekers. Some people are
working in cashew factories and others are manual workers. Educated
unemployment is the major unemployment issue prevai ling in the
Panchayath. PG Holders and degree holders are deprived of proper
employment.
AGE COMPOSITION
Table 3.1
Age group of sample respondent
AGE GROUP NUMBER OF
RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
15-20 3 6
20-25 6 12
25-30 18 36
Above30 23 46
Total 50 100

The table gives information about the age category of the
respondents selected. This study says, majority of the respondents lie in

14. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
14

the age group above 30year (46%) followed by (25-30) age group (36%)
and (15-20) comes is the least (6%).
EDUCATIONAL STATUS
Table 3.2
LEVEL OF
EDUCATION
NUMBER OF
RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
HSE or equivalent 10 20
Graduates 15 30
Technical 9 18
Professional 9 18
SSLC 7 14
TOTAL 50 100
Source: Survey data
The table 3.2 shows majority of the sample respondents are
graduates only. 18% of the respondents as technically are professionally
skilled.

15. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
15

INCOME EARNINGS
Table 3.3
Age group of sample respondent
INCOME RECEIVED NUMBER PERCENTAGE
Below 1000 8 16
1000-3000 22 44
Above 3000 20 40
Total 50 100
Source: Survey data
The table shows that the monthly earnings of the unemployed
mainly lie in between (1000-3000) only (40%) can reach the level of above
3000. Another (16%) getting income below 1000. This reveals that the
economic status of unemployment group is pathetic.

16. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
16


SELF EMPLOYED GROUPS
Table 3.4
Number of Self employed Groups
CATEGORY NUMBER

PERCENTAGE
Self employed 27 57.5
Non-self employed 23 42.5
Total 50 100
Source: Survey data
The above table 3.4 gives an idea about the number of self
employed groups. Out of 100% 57.5 percentage is covers self employed
and the remaining 42.5% non-self self employed groups. This shows that
the people have the potentially to undertake the ventures spontaneously.

17. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
17

MEMBERSHIP IN SELF SERVICE GROUPS
Table 3.5
Number of self service Groups
CATEGORY NUMBER PERCENTAGE
Members 26 55
Not members 24 45
Total 50 100

Sources: Survey data

This table shows about the number of members in self service
group. Out of 40 respondents 22 have membership in self service group,
and remaining 18% are not members of self service group, in addition to
the self service group. People are also engaged in some other kinds of
actions mainly casual work.

18. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
18

UNEMPLOYMENT ERADICATION PROGRAMMES OF THE
PANCHAYATH
Table 3.6
Unemployment eradication programmes of the Panchayath

Serial
No.

Unemployment programmes of Panchayath
1. Small Scale Industry
2. Self services Group
3. Increasing standard of eradication programmes
4. Training for nursing
5. Training for handicraft marketing
6. Vocational training
7. Computer training programmes
8. Sewing centre
9. Training for driving

These tables illustrate the major unemployment scheme of the
panchayath had given birth to different by targeting the unemployed group.
Now the Panchayath is providing multifarious scheme as training for
nursing, Vocational training, Computer training programmes etc…for
giving better living status of the unemployed group.

19. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
19




BENEFICIARIES OF UNEMPLOYED PROGRAMMES
Table 3.7
Beneficiaries of unemployment programmes
CATEGORY NUMBER PERCENTAGE
Beneficiaries 35 70
Non beneficiaries 15 30
TOTAL 50 100
Source: Survey data
This table clearly narrates the strength of beneficiaries of
unemployment scheme organised by Panchayath 70% are getting
financial assistance/aid from the Panchayath. Only 30% are not availing
any privileges. It shows that Panchayath is providing different scheme to
satisfy the needs of unemployed group.

20. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
20



LEVEL OF EFFICIENCY IN THE EXECUTION OF
UNEMPLOYMENT
Table 3.8
Beneficiaries of unemployment programme
CATEGORY NUMBER PERCENTAGE
Good 30 30
Bad 18 36
Not bad 2 4
TOTAL 50 100
Source: Survey data
This table gives out the fact that the unemployment scheme of
Thodiyoor Panchayath are functioning efficiency and effectively (60%) but
certain projects are not getting more appreciation from the beneficiaries
(36%) only (4%) opinioned not bad. It implies that panchayath is exercising
much propriety in the administration of fund.

21. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
21




DURATION FOR GETTING EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Table 3.9
Duration for getting employment opportunities
DURATION NUMBER PERCENTAGE
1-5 months 18 36
6-10 months 22 44
Above 10 months 10 20
Total 50 100

This table shows the average period to be waited by the people is
order to get an employment opportunity of setting up by Panchayath. The
data analysis given the information that people have to wait for a minimum
period of 1-5 monthly (36%) and 5-10 months (44%) respectively. But in
certain projects there are period of more than 10 months delay to avoid
benefits there from. This points out that there is some sort of red-tapism in
the execution of project work initiated by the Panchayath.

22. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
22


NATURE AND PERIOD OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES OF
PANCHAYATH
Table 3.10
Nature and period of training programmes of panchayath


TRAINING PROGRAMMES OF
PANCHAYATH

DURATION
Vocational Training 1 Year
Training of Nursing 6 Months
Computer training programmes 3 months
Training for hand craft 3-4 Months
Sewing training Centre 3 Months
Training for driving 1-2 months

The table evidences the nature and period of training programmes
of Thodiyoor panchayath. Several training programmers are implemented
by Panchayath like Vocational training, Training for Nursing, Computer
training programme, Training for driving. Among the Vocational training
takes one year duration, Nursing training takes 6 month duration and the
items makes 3-4 months duration. Thus the study says, the Panchayath is
organizing massive training Programmes to equip the people especially
engaged in self employed group and self service group.

23. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
23

LIVING STATUS OF UNEMPLOYED GROUPS
Table 3.11
Living status of unemployed groups
STATUS NUMBER PERCENTAGE
Good 12 24
Average 19 38
Bad 13 26
Very Bad 6 12
Total 50 100

This table list out the living status of unemployed group. Only (38%)
can lead a satisfactory level of life. Another (12%) living conditions in
pathetic. Only (24%) led comparatively good life. If reveals the fact that
unemployed person are struggling is their family to discharge their function
properly.

24. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
24


FUNCTIONING OF GRAMASABHA

Table 3.12
Subject matter being transacted in Gramasabha


SUBJECT MATTER

NO. OF RESPONDENTS

PERCENTAGE

Local Development
matter

6

12
Introduction of
different scheme

28

56
Financial aid 12 24
General things 4 8
Total 50 100

The table gives an idea about the subject matters that is to be
transacted to Gramasabha. The majority of the people (56%) reveal that
there is a need for introduction of different schemes. The second group
(24%) is of the opinion that there is a need for more financial aid. From the
above description the researchers understood that Panchayath noticed to
introduce different schemes to decrease the rate of unemployment and
also they have to allow some financial aid for the self employment group.

25. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
25

FINANCIAL AID TO EDUCATED UNEMPLOYED PERSON
Table 3.13
Financial Assistance for the execution of the project comes under
self employment scheme
SOURCE OF
FINANCE
NUMBER OF
RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
Direct Finance (own
fund)
8 16
IRDP 7 14
JRY 8 16
TRYSEM 11 22
DWCRA 7 14
Other approval scheme 9 18
Total 50 100
The table shows about the role of financial assistance for the
execution of project under self employment schemes 22% of them are
saying that finance should be allocated from JRY, 14% an 18% are saying
that the sources of finance is better from DWCRA and other approved
schemes respectively and 16% points out towards direct financing and
others to other schemes. The different schemes for the eradication of
employment are financial by different schemes of funds such as IRDP,
JRY, and TRYSEM etc…. The Panchayath should exercise sufficient
degree of propriety in their fund administration. So that they can implement
various project is a successful way.

26. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
26

PROBLEMS OF UNEMPLOYMENT GROUP
Table 3.14
Problem faced by the unemployment group
SOURCES OF
FINANCE
NO. OF
RESPONDENT
PERCENTAGE
Finding difficult to both
ends meet
20 40
Fails to provide good
education to children
8 16
Problems face by the
society
12 24
Create mental
depression
5 10
To engage in anti-
social activities
2 4
Others 3 6
Total 50 100
The above table shows the evidence about various difficulties or
problem faced by the unemployment group. The analysis gives as an idea
that (40%) of them are finding difficult to meet both ends 24% are under
problems faced by the society. 16% are faced to provide good education
to the children’s 40% are engaged in antisocial activities and other
problem respectively. So the analysis evidences that majority of the
unemployment groups are facing social as well as mental difficulties in
their really struggling lives.

27. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
27

SPECIAL PROGRAMMES FOR UNEMPLOYED
Unemployed results in low purchasing power, less demand for
goods and services reduce in their production leads to low investment and
economic development which leads to increasing unemployment. In order
to check the rapid growth of unemployment, a number of employment
packages were announced for existing unemployed. Steps have also been
taken to create more jobs. The entire employment packages are not
specifically for educated unemployment. Generally unemployed can get
benefit through these employment packages.
TRAINING OF RURAL YOUTH FOR SELF EMPLOYMENT
(TRYSEM)
In order to make the IRDP more successful, the TRYSEM Scheme
was initiated in 1979 to provide technical skill to rural youth from families
below poverty line, to enable them to take up self employment. It has two
components namely training to youth in the age group of 18 to 55 years.
After going through successful training they receive a combination of
subsidy and institutional credit under the IRDP Programme.
In 1992 to 1993 against a target of 7570 youth, 7919 youths were
trained at which 1583 youths were assisted for starting own enterprises
and 3586 youths were engaged in wage employment. In 1996 to 1997
there is decline in this level compared to 1990 to 1993. Against 6080

28. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
28

largest, 5036 have been trained and 1234 youths have been assisted for
starting enterprises and 3172 were engaged in wage employment.
The Government has taken several a steps to provide employment
to unemployment persons including youth in the country. 11
th
five year
plan aims at creating 58 million work opportunities through normal growth
process and by implementing various emp loyment generation
programmes, such as Prime Minister’s Employment Generation
Programmes (PMEGP).
Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) and Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) in the
rural areas beside entrepreneurial development programmes run by the
Ministry of micro, small and medium enterprises.
PRIME MINISTER’S EMPLOYMENT GENERATION PROGRAMME
(PMEGP)
A credit linked subsidy programme being implemented since 2008-
2009 by Ministry of micro, small and medium enterprises. Aims at
generating self employed opportunities through establishment of micro
enterprises by organizing traditional artisans and unemployed youth.
During the year 2010-2011, 30,729 units were assisted and 2.85 lakhs
persons provided employment up to 10
th
February 2011 and Rs. 592,66
crore have been provided as margin money till January 2011.

29. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
29



SWARNA JAYANTHI GRAM SWAROZGAR YOJANA (SGSY)
It is holistic self employment schemes which aim at provided
sustainable income to rural BPL families through income generating
assets/economic activities so or to bring them out of poverty line. During
2010-2011 up to January, 2011, Rs 1880 crore has been released by the
Central government and 1485 lakhs Swarozgaries have been assisted.
MAHATHMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT
GUARANTEES ACT (MGNREGA)
Provides for enhancement of lively hood security of the household
in rural areas of the country by providing at least one hundred days of
guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household
whose adult members volunteers to do unskilled manual work. Rs
32177.04 crores have been released as Central fund in the current
financial year till 22.02.2011 and 158.58 crores of person days
employment was generated up to January 2011.

30. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
30

A SUMMARY ON FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND
CONCLUSION

FINDINGS
1. All the employment packages are not meant for educated
unemployment.
2. The unemployment rate in this Panchayath was higher i.e., 30%
among the graduates than among persons with the secondary
school certificate holders i.e., 20%.
3. The average monthly income of 44% unemployed groupings is
between Rs 1000 & 3000. While 16% of respondents earn below
Rs 1000/-
4. 57.5% of respondents are members of self employed groups
5. 55% of respondents are members of self service groups.
6. 70% of respondents avail financial assistance from the Panchayath
7. 60% of respondents have good opinion about effective
implementation of unemployment schemes while 36% were
dissatisfied.
8. 44% of respondents were of the opinion that the duration of getting
employment opportunity via Panchayath spans between 6 -10
months.
9. Few people among unemployed group engaged in antisocial
activities.
10. The unemployed groups are really struggling in their lives to
discharge their duties.

31. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
31


SUGGESTIONS
1. Panchayath should set up new projects by targeting educational
unemployed group.
2. The lag perceived for proving employment opportunities should
be reduced.
3. Self service group and self employment service should be
strengthened by ensuring more participation of the people.
4. Panchayath should take some effective policies to enhance the
economic status of unemployed group.
5. Panchayath should seriously consider the living condition of
certain unemployed group by discouraging them from antisocial
activities.
6. The Panchayath should efficiently carryout the schemes/
projects of IRDP,JRY and TRYSEM
7. The duration of the training programme of the Panchayath
should be extended.
8. Panchayath should extend its service to female unemployed
group.

32. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
32

CONCLUSION
Educated unemployment in rural area has assumed alarming
proportion in recent times because of the lack of suitable employment
opportunities and lack of satisfactory salaries. The Government are not
interested is the unemployment situation in rural areas.
It is evident from forgoing analysis that the magnitude of
unemployment among the educated is more serious in Thodiyoor
Panchayath. So the Panchayath along with the private sector should
implement sufficient employment opportunities by developing the
agricultural, industrial and territory sector. The unemployment rating in this
Panchayath was higher among the graduated that among persons with
secondary school certificates holders. The Panchayath is organizing multi
various scheme for the eradication of unemployment and few unemployed
group are engaged in antisocial activities and the major suggestion is that
the Panchayath should extend it service hands to the female group. The
lag is perceived for providing employment opportunities. Self employment
service should be strengthening by ensuring more participation of the
people. Panchayath should seriously consider the living condition of the
unemployed people by discouraging from antisocial activities. The
Panchayath should effectively carry out the scheme projects of IRDP,
JRY, and TRYSEM.
The Govt. have adopted several welfare measures for higher
educated people in rural areas and the Govt. is also providing several
suitable job opportunities for higher educated people in rural areas.

33. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
33

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Dev Mahendra and M. Venkatanarayana, 2011, Youth employment
in India, Vol. 2 PP 142-145
 Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India
[ASSOCHAM] in 2003, Vol.1, PP 45-48
 Stark oded and Zef Fanc Simon, 2011, the prospect of migration,
sticky wages and educated unemployment-paper on development
Policy No. 146 Vol5, PP76-85.
 NOSS in 2001-2011, Employment and unemployment report for
analyzing labour market of Kerala. Vol. 1 PP212-216
 India time use survey report, 2000
 B.B Patel,992, Planning employment for educated youth, Vol.3, PP
326-329
 Azd. J.L Agarval AO prava, 1991, Graduate unemployment in India,
Vol. 2 PP430-435
 S.D maurya, Devi gayathry, 1993 urban employment in India
 Misra and Puri, 1995, Indian Economy, Vol1. PP 143-147
 Agarval S.P 1992, Manpower demand, Concepts and Methodology
Vol. 3 PP 546-557

34. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
34

 Apte M D, (1975), “Education and Unemployment in Kerala”,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.10, No, 28, page 1041.
 v Eapen Mridul (1992), “Fertility and Female Labour Force
Participation in Kerala” Author(s): Source: Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. 27, No. 40 , pp. 2179-2181+2184-2188
 Eapen, Mridul, (1995),”Rural Non-Agricultural Employment in
Kerala: InterDistrict Variations”,
 Economic and Political Economy”, Vol. 30, No. 12 (Mar. 25, 1995),
pp. 634-638. Eapen, Mridul. (1992). "Fertility and Female Labour
Force Participation in Kerala
 Francis Shaji K, (1993), “Institutions and the Dynamics of Rural
Labour Markets: Labour Shortage in a Labour Surplus Agrarian
Economy of Kerala”, Indian Journal of Labour Economics, vol,36,
No, 4 page 977.
 Franke Richard W and Barbara H. Chasin (1996),“Female -
Supported Households: A Continuing Agenda for Kerala Model?”,
Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 31, No. 10 (Mar. 9, pp. 625-
630 Franke Richard W and Barbara H. Chasin(1991),
 “Kerala State, India: Radical Reform as Development”, Monthly
Review, Vol.42,No.8, p.12. Franke Richard W and Barbara H.
Chasin(1992),
 “Kerala: Development Through Radic al Reform”, New
Delhi:Promilla and Co. Publishers in collaboration with the Institute
for Food and Development Policy, San Fransisco. Fried, E,

35. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
35

(1967).”The position of Women: Appearance and reality”,
Anthropological Quarterly, 40, 3, pp.97-
 108. Gary S. Becker (1965) “A Theory of the Allocation of Time,”
Economic Journal 75 (299), p. 493-517.
 George M V, (1961), “Labour Force in Kerala” 1951-66,Asian
Economic Review, Vol, 3, No.4, page 388. vii
 George T M,(2003),”Changing Scenario of Rural Labour Market in
Kerala: A case study”, Yojana, Vol.47, No.2, page 45.
 George, K K (1993): “Limits to Kerala Model of Development”,
Centre for Development Studies, Thiruvananthapuram.
 Government of Kerala "Economic Review" State Planning Board.
Thiruvananthapuram, Various issues. viii Government of Kerala,
2001. "Statistics for Planning-2001", Department of Economics and
Statistics, Trivndrum: Government of Kerala(2005),”
 Jose A V, (1973) “Wage Rates of Agricultural Labourers in Kerala”,
Economic And Political Weekly, Vol.8, No. 4-6, page 281.
 Kannan, K P and Pushpangadan, K (1988), “Agricultural Stagnation
in Kerala”, Economic and Political Weekly, -September 24.
 Kannan, K P, (1998), “Political Economy of Labour and
Development in Kerala” Economic and Political Weekly,33, Vol. 52,
page L-61.
 Kannan, K.P. (1990). "Kerala Economy at Crossroads?", Economic
and Political Weekly, September 1-8, pp. 1951- 56.

36. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
36

 Patterns and Effects of Emigration from Kerala: A study of two
villages, Mphil Theses, CDS, Trivandrum Kuznets Simon, (1971),
 Kerala Economic Development, Isssues and problems, Sage
publications, Mathew P M, (2002), “Urban Unemployment in Kerala:
Some Questions”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 37, No. 51,
page 5143.
 Mathew P M, 2002, “Urban Unemployment in Kerala”, Economic
and Political Weekly, Vol.38, No, 10, page995. xii
 Mathew, E.T. (1995). “Educated Unemployment in Kerala--Some
Socio-economic Aspects", Economic and Political Weekly, February
11, pp. 325-35.
 Mathew, P. M (1985), “Exploitation of Women Labour: An Analysis
of Women's Employment in Kerala” Author(s): Source: Social
Scientist, Vol. 13, No. 10/11 (Oct. - Nov.,), pp. 28-47
 Mathew,A.(1987),”Culture Core Concept Under Attack”, Journal of
Economic Issues,21(2) June 1987, 603.
 Mazumdar & M Guruswamy, (2006), ”Female labour Force
Participation in Kerala:Problems and Prospects”, IIPS, mumbai,
India, available in www.iipsindia.org. Mencher Joan (1980), “The
Lessons and Non-Lessons of Kerala:
 Mohanakumar S, (2008), “Kerala's Agricultural Labourers: Victims
of a Crisis”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol, 43, No.19, page 27
 Morgan James M, I.A. Siragaldin and Nancy Backwald (1976),
“Productive Americans”, University of Michigan Press,

37. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
37

 Mukherjee Chandan and T.M Thomas Isaac (1994): “Nine
Observations on Educated unemployment in Kerala”, in A.K.G
Centre for Research and xiii Studies, International Congress on
Kerala Studies, Abstract, Vol.1,Thiruvanathapuram.
 “Primary Education, Population Growth and Socio- Economic
Change: A Comparative Study with particular reference to Kerala”,
Allied Publishers, New Delhi.
 Nair, Gopinathan, P R(1997),”Social Development in
Kerala:Sources, Processes and pay offs, Research project on
Strategies and Financing for Human Development”, CDS,
Trivandrum.
 Nair, P. R Gopinathan (1989), ”Incidence, Impact, and Implications
of Migration to the Middle East from Kerala
 “Povery and Young Women's EmploymentLinkages in Kerala”,
Economic and Political Weekly,38, No.38, page 4034.
 Panikar, P G K and Soman C R (1985), “Health Status of Kerala:
Paradox of Social Development and Economic Backwardness”,
Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum.
 Pillai, Mohanan P (1990), “Wither State Sector Enterprises in
Kerala?” Economic and Political Weekly, February 17-24, pp. 126-
141.
 Prakash B A(ed), (1994), “Kerala Economy Performance, Problems,
and Prospects”, New Delhi: Sage publishers.
 Prakash B A, (1990), “Growing Unemployment in Kerala

38. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
38

QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Name of the respondent :
2. Address :
3. Age :
4. Sex : Male  Female 
5. Religion :
6. Caste :
7. Marital Status :
8. Educational Qualification:
 SSLC :
 HSSE/ Equivalent :
 Degree :
 Professional/Technical :
9. Details of additional qualification
and training of any :
10. Year of Registration at the employment
exchange for the first time :
11. Are you employed or not : Yes  No
12. Occupation of main earner in the family
 Employed in Agriculture :
 Public Sector :
 Private Sector :

39. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
39

 Retired People :
13. Monthly Income of your family
Below 1000  1000-3000  above 3000 
14. Other sources of income or not
Yes  No 
15. Are you self employed or not
Yes  No 
16. Are you a member of it any self service group
Yes  No 
17. Which of the following jobs you like most
White collar jobs in public sector 
Any regular jobs in public sector 
Self employed jobs 
Technical Jobs 
Others 
18. Details of job search in public or private sector?
19. Does the panchayath offer it any kind of unemployme nt
programmes?
Yes  No 

40. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
40

20. Are you beneficiaries of the unemployment scheme?
Yes  No 
21. Can you mention the various employment scheme offered by the
Panchayath from the following
 Kudumbasree Unit 
 Animal Husbandry 
 Sewing service group 
 Driving school 
22. Are you satisfied with the unemployment programmes provided by
the Panchayath?
If no, why? Yes  No 
23. Is your Panchayath have organised in any training programmes for
the improvement of self employed persons?
Yes  No 
24. Is your Panchayath had provide necessary arrangement for getting
financial assistance from bank or any other financial institution
Yes  No 
25. Do you think that the Gramasabha organized by the Panchayath
had provide any employment opportunities
Yes  No 

41. Educated Unemployment- A case study of Thodiyoor Panchayath
41

26. Is your Panchayath has more made any provisions for job
opportunities by marking any contact with non-government
organizations
Yes  No 
27. What are the factors attributes as reason of unemployment?
Personal  General  Others 
28. Which is the main problem faced by in your family at present
situation?
29. What are the problems faced by the unemployment groups in your
Panchayath?
Family problems  Financial Problems 
Problem faced by society  other problems 
30. Do you have any suggestion about the unemployment scheme
getting more appreciation from the public?
Yes  No 