Effect of mutations ( beneficial and harm full)

Effect of mutations....in this PPT about the beneficial and also harm full mutations and it's application with example.

1. EFFECT OF MUTATIONS SUBMITTED BY: K. JAYALAKSHMI I M.S, BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. INTRODUCTION Since all cells in our body contain DNA, there are lots of places for mutation to occur, however, some mutation cannot be passed on to offspring and do not matter for evolution. Somatic mutation occur in non-reproductive cells and won’t be passed onto offspring. Only germ line mutation only passed to offspring's. For Example, the golden color on half of red delicious apple was caused by a somatic mutation. Its seeds will not carry the mutation.

3. Effect of mutation The majority of mutations have neither negative nor positive effects on the organisms in which they occur. These mutations are called neutral mutations . Example Include silent point mutations. They are neutral because they do not change the amino acids in the proteins they encode. Many other mutations have no effect on the organisms because they are repaired before protein synthesis occurs.

4. types Mutations effect were consist two types, 1) Beneficial effect mutations. 2) Harm full effect mutations. EFFECT OF GERM LINE MUTATIONS: I) No change occur in phenotype. ( but affecting DNA, protein sequence of amino acids). II) small changes occur in phenotype.(hair, and eyes) III) big changes occur in phenotypes.

5. Beneficial mutations Some mutations have positive effect on the organisms in which they occur, they are called beneficial mutations. They lead to new versions of proteins that help organisms adapt to changes in their environment. Its is essential for evolution to occur/ they increased an organisms changes of surviving or reproducing.

6. Ex.. Mutations in many bacteria that allow them to survive in the presence of antibiotic drugs. The mutations lead to antibiotic-resis tant strains of bacteria. A unique mutation is found in people in a small town in Italy . The mutation protects them from developing atherosclerosis, which is the dangerous build up of fatty materials in blood vessels.

7. Harm full mutations The random changes cause lot of complications in life. Random changes in a gene’s DNA is likely to result in a protein that does not function normally or may not function at all. Such mutations may cause genetic disorders or cancer. some well known inherited genetic disorders include cystic fibrosis , sickle cell anemia , tay-sachs disease, phenylketonurea and color-blindness are known as harm full effect.

8. EX….. A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes. A human example is cystic fibrosis . A mutation in a single gene cause the body to produce thick, sticky mucous that clogs the lungs and blocks ducts in digestive organs. Cancer is a disease in which cells grow out of control and form abnormal masses of cells. It is generally caused by mutation in genes that regulate the cell cycle. Because of the mutations, cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide without limit.

9. summary Mutations are essential for evolution to occur because they increase genetic variation and the potential for individuals to differ. The majority of mutations are neutral in their effects on the organisms in which they occur. Beneficial mutations may become more common through natural selection. harm full mutations may cause genetic disorders or cancer.

10. T h a n k y o u