Effect of Smart Wearable Glucose Monitors on Hypoglycemia Incidence in Diabetic Adults with Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa (www.kiu.ac.ug)

Diabetes mellitus and malaria represent a critical dual burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the intersection
of non-communicable and infectious diseases intensifies clinical complexity. In diabetic adults, malaria-induced
metabolic stress exacerbated by fever, reduced appetite, and antimalarial treatments often precipitates episodes of
hypoglycemia, a life-threatening complication that remains under-monitored due to limited access to conventional
glucose testing methods. Smart wearable glucose monitors (SWGMs), particularly continuous glucose monitoring
systems, provide real-time, continuous glycemic data and hold promise for reducing hypoglycemia by enabling
proactive insulin adjustments and dietary interventions during acute febrile illness. This review evaluated the
effectiveness of SWGMs in mitigating hypoglycemic risk among diabetic adults co-infected with malaria in SSA. A
narrative review methodology was employed, synthesizing evidence from peer-reviewed literature, technological
reports, and implementation case studies. Findings revealed that SWGMs improve glycemic control and reduce
hypoglycemia incidence in various settings; however, data specific to malaria-diabetes comorbidity in SSA remain
limited. Challenges such as device cost, health infrastructure deficits, digital illiteracy, and sociocultural resistance
hinder widespread adoption. The review underscored the need for context-specific clinical trials, government
subsidized procurement models, mobile health integration, and culturally sensitive educational strategies. With
strategic investment and policy support, SWGMs could become a transformative tool in improving outcomes for
this medically vulnerable population in SSA.

1. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licen se
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited


Page | 10 EEJBS 62 P9.docx



Effect of Smart Wearable Glucose Monitors on
Hypoglycemia Incidence in Diabetic Adults with Malaria in
Sub-Saharan Africa

Ivan Mutebi
Department of Pharmacognosy Kampala International University Uganda
Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Diabetes mellitus and malaria represent a critical dual burden in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where the intersection
of non-communicable and infectious diseases intensifies clinical complexity. In diabetic adults, malaria-induced
metabolic stress exacerbated by fever, reduced appetite, and antimalarial treatments often precipitates episodes of
hypoglycemia, a life-threatening complication that remains under-monitored due to limited access to conventional
glucose testing methods. Smart wearable glucose monitors (SWGMs), particularly continuous glucose monitoring
systems, provide real-time, continuous glycemic data and hold promise for reducing hypoglycemia by enabling
proactive insulin adjustments and dietary interventions during acute febrile illness. This review evaluated the
effectiveness of SWGMs in mitigating hypoglycemic risk among diabetic adults co-infected with malaria in SSA. A
narrative review methodology was employed, synthesizing evidence from peer-reviewed literature, technological
reports, and implementation case studies. Findings revealed that SWGMs improve glycemic control and reduce
hypoglycemia incidence in various settings; however, data specific to malaria-diabetes comorbidity in SSA remain
limited. Challenges such as device cost, health infrastructure deficits, digital illiteracy, and sociocultural resistance
hinder widespread adoption. The review underscored the need for context-specific clinical trials, government-
subsidized procurement models, mobile health integration, and culturally sensitive educational strategies. With
strategic investment and policy support, SWGMs could become a transformative tool in improving outcomes for
this medically vulnerable population in SSA.
Keywords: Smart Wearable Glucose Monitors, Hypoglycemia, Diabetes Mellitus, Malaria Co-infection, Sub-
Saharan Africa.

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2DM), has emerged as a major public health concern in sub-Saharan
Africa (SSA), a region historically burdened by communicable diseases such as malaria [1, 2]. The intersection of
these two conditions creates a complex clinical landscape, especially given their opposing metabolic implications.
Malaria, caused predominantly by Plasmodium falciparum in SSA, induces systemic inflammation, fever, and anorexia,
which can significantly alter glucose homeostasis [3, 4]. In diabetic individuals, this co-infection often precipitates
episodes of hypoglycemia, especially when treatment regimens are not adequately adjusted to reflect the fluctuating
metabolic demands imposed by acute febrile illness.
Smart wearable glucose monitors (SWGMs), such as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, represent a
novel technological intervention that may help mitigate hypoglycemic risk by providing real-time glucose data, trend
alerts, and actionable insights to patients and healthcare providers [5]. These devices have shown promising
outcomes in high-resource settings but remain underutilized and understudied in SSA, where healthcare
infrastructure, economic constraints, and disease epidemiology differ significantly. The integration of SWGMs into
malaria-endemic regions could revolutionize diabetes management by enabling dynamic insulin adjustments during
periods of febrile illness, preventing complications related to hypoglycemia, and improving overall glycemic control
[6]. However, the adoption of such technology requires consideration of numerous contextual factors including
cost, accessibility, cultural acceptance, and the capacity of health systems to interpret and act on the data.
EURASIAN EXPERIMENT JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (EEJBS)
ISSN: 2992-4138 ©EEJBS Publications
Volume 6 Issue 2 2025

2. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licen se
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited


Page | 11
This narrative review critically explores the potential impact of smart wearable glucose monitors on hypoglycemia
incidence in diabetic adults co-infected with malaria in SSA. It synthesizes evidence from existing literature,
highlights technological advances, and discusses contextual challenges and opportunities in implementing this novel
intervention. The objective is to provide a nuanced understanding of how SWGMs can transform clinical outcomes
in this unique patient population, while offering a foundation for future research and policy direction.
DIABETES AND MALARIA: A DUAL BURDEN IN SSA
Sub-Saharan Africa faces the dual burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases (NCDs), with malaria and
diabetes forming a clinically challenging interface [7]. Diabetes, particularly T2DM, is rising rapidly in the region,
driven by urbanization, sedentary lifestyles, and dietary shifts [8]. Concurrently, malaria remains endemic, with
seasonal surges causing high morbidity and mortality [9]. The coexistence of these diseases creates unique clinical
vulnerabilities, especially in adults who must manage lifelong glycemic control while facing recurrent episodes of
malaria.
Malaria impacts glucose metabolism through multiple mechanisms. Acute infection increases metabolic demand and
disrupts hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis [10]. Moreover, antimalarial treatments especially quinine are
known to induce hypoglycemia. In diabetic individuals already taking insulin or sulfonylureas, the risk is
compounded. Fever, poor appetite, and vomiting during malaria episodes can lead to reduced oral intake, further
destabilizing glucose levels and precipitating hypoglycemic events.
Hypoglycemia, defined as blood glucose <70 mg/dL, is particularly dangerous in individuals with diabetes, causing
neuroglycopenic symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and even death if untreated [11, 12]. Recurrent
hypoglycemia also impairs counter-regulatory hormonal responses, reducing the body’s ability to self-correct
glucose fluctuations. In low-resource settings, where glucose monitoring may be infrequent and clinical oversight
limited, these episodes often go unnoticed or are misdiagnosed as malaria-related complications.
This clinical interplay demands precision in glucose monitoring, particularly during febrile illnesses. Traditional
self-monitoring methods using fingerstick tests are episodic, invasive, and often underutilized due to cost and access
issues. These limitations underscore the need for continuous, user-friendly, and context-appropriate monitoring
systems. Smart wearable glucose monitors, which offer real-time data and hypoglycemia alerts, are increasingly
relevant in such dual disease scenarios.
Understanding this dual burden is essential for identifying gaps in current care strategies and for appreciating how
technology, particularly SWGMs, might address unmet clinical needs in diabetic adults with malaria in SSA.
SMART WEARABLE GLUCOSE MONITORS: TECHNOLOGY AND FUNCTION (350 words)
Smart wearable glucose monitors, commonly referred to as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems,
represent a significant advancement in diabetes care [13]. These devices consist of three main components: a
subcutaneous sensor that measures interstitial glucose levels, a transmitter that sends data wirelessly, and a receiver
or smartphone application that displays real-time glucose trends. Some advanced CGMs are integrated with insulin
pumps to form closed-loop systems, although most operate independently as adjunct monitoring tools.
The core benefit of SWGMs lies in their ability to provide real-time and continuous data, typically updated every
5–15 minutes [14]. This granularity enables users to observe glucose trends, predict impending hypoglycemia, and
respond proactively. Alerts and alarms can be customized to warn users of rapid glucose changes or specific
thresholds, enhancing safety during sleep or illness two high-risk periods for hypoglycemia.
CGM technology can be categorized as either real-time CGM (rtCGM) or intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM)
[15]. The former offers continuous feedback with predictive alerts, while the latter requires manual scanning to
view data. Both types significantly reduce hypoglycemia rates compared to traditional fingerstick monitoring, as
demonstrated in multiple clinical trials involving various diabetic populations.
The relevance of SWGMs in SSA, particularly during malaria co-infection, stems from their capacity to detect
hypoglycemia early and reduce the risk of severe complications. During malaria episodes, glucose levels can drop
rapidly due to fever, medication side effects, and decreased oral intake. Fingerstick testing, if done only once or twice
daily, may miss these fluctuations. In contrast, SWGMs provide comprehensive glycemic profiles, enabling real-time
insulin adjustment and dietary compensation.
Some models are factory-calibrated and can be worn for 10–14 days, reducing the burden of daily maintenance.
However, their performance in febrile conditions or among individuals with altered skin perfusion such as during
malaria needs further evaluation. Moreover, affordability, user training, and integration into existing health systems
remain pivotal to successful deployment in SSA.
In summary, SWGMs represent a technologically robust, patient-centered tool that may be particularly effective in
managing glycemic variability during acute infections like malaria.
EVIDENCE ON HYPOGLYCEMIA REDUCTION IN DIABETES USING SWGMs

3. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licen se
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited


Page | 12
The global literature supports the effectiveness of SWGMs in reducing hypoglycemic episodes among individuals
with diabetes. Multiple randomized controlled trials and longitudinal cohort studies have demonstrated that CGM
use leads to increased time in target glucose range, reduced nocturnal hypoglycemia, and improved patient
confidence in managing diabetes.
For instance, landmark trials such as the DIAMOND and HypoDE studies showed significant reductions in both
symptomatic and severe hypoglycemic episodes among insulin-treated adults using CGMs [16]. These benefits were
particularly evident in patients with impaired hypoglycemia awareness, a common condition in long-standing
diabetes.
While these findings are compelling, most originate from high-income settings. In the context of SSA, where febrile
illnesses like malaria are prevalent, the pattern of glucose variability differs. Unfortunately, limited region-specific
data exist on SWGM effectiveness during concurrent infections. However, extrapolating from known mechanisms,
it is reasonable to infer that real-time glucose feedback can help mitigate the hypoglycemic effects of reduced intake,
antimalarial therapy, and increased metabolic demand during malaria.
Emerging pilot studies from urban centers in SSA such as Kenya and Nigeria have begun exploring CGM feasibility,
demonstrating good user acceptability, high data accuracy, and reduced hospital admissions due to hypoglycemia
[17, 18]. Although these early studies are limited in scale and scope, they lay the groundwork for more targeted
research on SWGMs in malaria-endemic populations.
Moreover, SWGMs may indirectly reduce hypoglycemia by empowering patients to self-manage more effectively
and by enabling clinicians to personalize therapy during illness. Combined with digital health platforms, these
monitors can transmit data to remote health teams, facilitating timely interventions in rural settings where access
to care is limited.
In essence, while direct evidence of SWGM use in malaria-diabetes comorbidity is emerging, existing data strongly
support their role in reducing hypoglycemia and improving safety in high-risk diabetic populations
IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN SUB -SAHARAN AFRICA
Despite the clinical promise of SWGMs, their implementation in SSA faces significant hurdles that must be
acknowledged and addressed. First and foremost is the issue of cost [19]. Most smart glucose monitors are priced
beyond the reach of average households in SSA, and national health insurance schemes rarely cover such devices.
The high upfront costs for sensors, transmitters, and compatible smartphones limit widespread adoption.
Technological literacy and patient education also pose barriers SWGM in SSA. Many adults in rural areas may lack
familiarity with mobile-based technologies or wearable sensors. Without proper training and follow-up, even the
most sophisticated tools may go underutilized or misinterpreted. Healthcare workers, too, must be equipped to
interpret CGM data and incorporate it into clinical decisions necessitating updates in curricula and continuous
professional development.
Infrastructure challenges, such as unreliable internet access and electricity shortages, further complicate
deployment. Even when devices are provided through donor-funded programs, their functionality can be
compromised without consistent power or data connectivity. Battery-powered or offline-capable models may offer a
partial solution, but such options are still evolving [20].
Cultural perceptions and stigma related to wearing visible medical devices may reduce adherence in some
communities [21]. Myths around technology, diabetes, or foreign interventions can hinder acceptance unless
addressed through robust community engagement.
Regulatory and supply chain limitations add another layer of complexity. Import restrictions, lack of regulatory
approval for certain models, and inconsistent availability of sensors and transmitters make sustainability a key
concern [22]. Governments and NGOs must work collaboratively to streamline procurement, negotiate prices, and
ensure long-term availability.
Despite these challenges, the increasing penetration of mobile technology, growing health-tech ecosystems in
African cities, and supportive global health partnerships provide a pathway forward. Strategic planning and
community-centered implementation are critical to harnessing the full potential of SWGMs in SSA’s diabetic
population, particularly during malaria episodes.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
To optimize the use of smart wearable glucose monitors for hypoglycemia prevention in diabetic adults with malaria,
a multipronged strategy is essential. Future research should prioritize context-specific clinical trials to evaluate
SWGM efficacy during febrile episodes, particularly in malaria-endemic zones. These trials should stratify
participants by disease severity, insulin regimen, and access to care to inform nuanced guidelines.
Public-private partnerships may help reduce device costs through bulk procurement, local manufacturing, or subsidy
schemes [23]. Governments, NGOs, and private companies must align incentives to create scalable and sustainable

4. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licen se
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited


Page | 13
access models. Integrating SWGMs into universal health coverage (UHC) packages or essential medical devices lists
could accelerate mainstream adoption.
Training and task-shifting should be embedded in roll-out plans. Primary healthcare workers, community health
volunteers, and patients themselves must be trained to interpret CGM data, recognize alarm patterns, and adjust
therapy or seek care appropriately. This is especially vital in rural or resource-constrained settings where physician
oversight is intermittent.
Mobile health (mHealth) integration offers an exciting frontier. CGM data can be linked with mHealth platforms to
enable remote monitoring, automated alerts, and decision-support tools for clinicians [24]. These features can create
a virtual safety net for high-risk patients during malaria episodes.
Finally, community engagement is paramount. Educational campaigns that demystify diabetes, glucose monitoring,
and wearable technology can reduce stigma and enhance uptake. Local leaders, traditional healers, and faith-based
organizations should be included in advocacy to build trust and cultural relevance.
In sum, the integration of smart glucose monitors into diabetic care in SSA, especially during malaria episodes,
represents a forward-looking solution to an urgent clinical challenge. With adequate support, this intervention could
dramatically reduce hypoglycemia-related morbidity and mortality in one of the world’s most vulnerable
populations.
CONCLUSION
The co-occurrence of malaria and diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa presents a significant clinical challenge,
particularly due to the increased risk of hypoglycemia during febrile illness. Traditional glucose monitoring methods
are insufficient in capturing the dynamic glycemic fluctuations that accompany such infections. Smart wearable
glucose monitors offer a novel and technologically advanced solution, capable of providing continuous, real-time
insights into glucose patterns, thereby enabling timely interventions and reducing the incidence of hypoglycemia.
While substantial evidence exists supporting the efficacy of SWGMs in diabetes management globally, their specific
application in malaria-endemic settings remains underexplored. Nevertheless, the theoretical and emerging
empirical support suggests significant promise. Implementation, however, is fraught with challenges including high
costs, infrastructure limitations, and sociocultural barriers that must be systematically addressed. To fully realize
the potential of SWGMs in reducing hypoglycemia among diabetic adults with malaria, there is a need for
contextualized clinical trials, strategic investments, and health system strengthening. With an integrated approach
that combines technological innovation, policy alignment, and community engagement, SWGMs could represent a
pivotal advancement in chronic disease management across SSA. Their successful deployment could redefine
standards of care for a growing population burdened by the dual threats of diabetes and malaria.
REFERENCES

1. Motala, A.A., Mbanya, J.C., Ramaiya, K., Pirie, F.J., Ekoru, K.: Type 2 diabetes mellitus in sub-Saharan
Africa: challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 18, 219–229 (2022).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-021-00613-y
2. Ugwu, O.P.C., Kungu, E., Inyangat, R., Obeagu, E. I., Okon, M. B., Subbarayan, S. and Sankarapandiyan, V.:
Exploring Indigenous Medicinal Plants for Managing Diabetes Mellitus in Uganda: Ethnobotanical
Insights, Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies, and National Development Alignment. INOSR ES. 12, 214–224
(2023). https://doi.org/10.59298/INOSRES/2023/2.17.1000
3. Gupta, A.: Nutritional Anemia in Preschool Children. Springer, Singapore (2017)
4. Tufail, T., Agu, P.C., Akinloye, D.I., Obaroh, I.O.: Malaria pervasiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa: Overcoming
the scuffle. Medicine. 103, e40241 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000040241
5. Mohamed Yousuff, A.R., Zainulabedin Hasan, M., Anand, R., Rajasekhara Babu, M.: Leveraging deep
learning models for continuous glucose monitoring and prediction in diabetes management: towards
enhanced blood sugar control. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag. 15, 2077–2084 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-023-02200-y
6. Agyare, G.: Effect of Diabetes and Malaria Comorbidity On Naturally Acquired Antibody Responses
Against Malaria Vaccine Candidate Antigens, http://ir.ucc.edu.gh/jspui/handle/123456789/11536, (2024)
7. Goswami, N.: A Dual Burden Dilemma: Navigating the Global Impact of Communicable and Non-
Communicable Diseases and the Way Forward. International Journal of Medical Research. 12, 65–77
(2024). https://doi.org/10.55489/ijmr.123202412
8. Alum, E.U.: Optimizing patient education for sustainable self-management in type 2 diabetes. Discov Public
Health. 22, 44 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-025-00445-5

5. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licen se
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited


Page | 14
9. Ainebyoona, C., Egwu, C.O., Onohuean, H., Ugwu, O.P.-C., Uti, D.E., Echegu, D.A.: Mitigation of Malaria
in Sub-Saharan Africa through Vaccination: A Budding Road Map for Global Malaria Eradication.
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences. 35, (2025)
10. Von Ah Morano, A.E., Dorneles, G.P., Peres, A., Lira, F.S.: The role of glucose homeostasis on immune
function in response to exercise: The impact of low or higher energetic conditions. Journal of Cellular
Physiology. 235, 3169–3188 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.29228
11. Ikpozu, E.N., Offor, C.E., Igwenyi, I.O., Obaroh, I.O., Ibiam, U.A., Ukaidi, C.U.A.: RNA-based diagnostic
innovations: A new frontier in diabetes diagnosis and management. Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research.
22, 14791641251334726 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1177/14791641251334726
12. Umoru, G.U., Uti, D.E., Aja, P.M., Ugwu, O.P., Orji, O.U., Nwali, B.U., Ezeani, N.N., Edwin, N., Orinya, F.O.:
Hepato-Protective Effect of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Datura stramonium in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic
Albino Rats. Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria. 47, (2022). https://doi.org/10.46602/jcsn.v47i5.819
13. Zafar, H., Channa, A., Jeoti, V., Stojanović , G.M.: Comprehensive Review on Wearable Sweat-Glucose
Sensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring. Sensors. 22, 638 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020638
14. Sharma, S., Sharma, K., Grover, S.: Real-Time Data Analysis with Smart Sensors. In: Gulati, S. (ed.)
Application of Artificial Intelligence in Wastewater Treatment. pp. 127–153. Springer Nature Switzerland,
Cham (2024)
15. Zhou, Y., Sardana, D., Kuroko, S., Haszard, J.J., de Block, M.I., Weng, J., Jefferies, C., Wheeler, B.J.:
Comparing the glycaemic outcomes between real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rt-CGM) and
intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) among adults and children with type 1
diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetic Medicine. 41,
e15280 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.15280
16. Ruedy, K.J., Parkin, C.G., Riddlesworth, T.D., Graham, C.: Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Older Adults
With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Using Multiple Daily Injections of Insulin: Results From the
DIAMOND Trial. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 11, 1138–1146 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296817704445
17. Ungaya, G.M.L.: Healthcare Provider Patient Communication on Diabetes Mellitus Management Practices
in Selected Hospitals in Kenya, http://localhost/xmlui/handle/123456789/6154, (2023)
18. Billa, B., Kennedy, J.: Challenges and opportunities in managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Sub-Saharan
Africa : the c ases of Nigeria and South Africa, https://reposit.haw -
hamburg.de/handle/20.500.12738/13741, (2023)
19. Manyazewal, T., Ali, M.K., Kebede, T., Solomon, S., Hailemariam, D., Patel, S.A., Escoffery, C.,
Woldeamanuel, Y., Marinucci, F., Joseph, M., Getinet, T., Amogne, W., Fekadu, A., Marconi, V.C.: Digital
continuous glucose monitoring systems for patients with HIV-diabetes comorbidity in Ethiopia: a
situational analysis. Sci Rep. 14, 28862 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79967-y
20. Ezenwaji, C.O., Alum, E.U., Ugwu, O.P.-C.: The role of digital health in pandemic preparedness and
response: securing global health? Global Health Action. 17, 2419694 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2024.2419694
21. Spinelli, G., Micocci ,Massimo, Martin ,Wendy, and Wang, Y.-H.: From medical devices to everyday
products: exploring cross-cultural perceptions of assistive technology. Design for Health. 3, 324–340
(2019). https://doi.org/10.1080/24735132.2019.1680065
22. Ugwu, O.P.-C., Alum, E.U., Ugwu, J.N., Eze, V.H.U., Ugwu, C.N., Ogenyi, F.C., Okon, M.B.: Harnessing
technology for infectious disease response in conflict zones: Challenges, innovations, and policy
implications. Medicine (Baltimore). 103, e38834 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000038834
23. Trebilcock, M., and Rosenstock, M.: Infrastructure Public–Private Partnerships in the Developing World:
Lessons from Recent Experience. The Journal of Development Studies. 51, 335–354 (2015).
https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2014.959935
24. Vadia, N., Patel, P., Sutariya, V.: Advances and Opportunities in Digital Diabetic Healthcare Systems. In:
Decision Support System for Diabetes Healthcare: Advancements and Applications. River Publishers (2025)

6. https://www.eejournals.org Open Access
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licen se
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited


Page | 15

Ivan Mutebi. Effect of Smart Wearable Glucose Monitors on Hypoglycemia Incidence in
Diabetic Adults with Malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa EURASIAN EXPERIMENT JOURNAL
OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 6(2):10-15.