Effects of exercise on endocrine system

Pravinraj v mpt sports physiotherapy Annamalai university.

1. EFFECTS OF EXERCISE ON ENDOCRINE SYSTEM V PRAVINRAJ MPT SPORTS PHYSIOTHERAPY

2. The endocrine system is defined as all tissues or glands that secrets hormones

3. Anterior pituitary Growth hormone Thyrotropin Adrenocorticotropin Prolactin Follicle stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone Posterior Pituitary gland Antidiuretric hormone oxytocin Thyroid gland Thyroxine T4 Triodothyronine T3 calkcitonin Parathyroid gland parathormone PTH Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepineephrine Adrenal cortex Mineralocoticoids ( aldosterone ) Glucocorticoids ( cortisol ) Androgens and estrogens Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Somatostatin Kidney Rennin Erythropoietin Ovaries Estrogens Progesterone Testes Testosterone

4. Endocrine glands Secrete hormones Blood Act as chemical signal throughout the body Control the activity of target tissue or organ Endocrine response to exercise can improve organ function.

5. Effects of exercises METABOLIC RATE Many complex system is interact to regulate metabolism at during exercise, the major glands are, Anterior pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland Pancreas.

6. Anterior pituitary Growth hormone is a potent anabolic agent (a substance that build-up organs and tissues, producing growth and cell differentiation and an increase in size of tissues). It promotes muscle growth and hypertrophy by facilitating amino acid transport in to the cells. In addition GH directly stimulates fat metabolism by the increasing the synthesis of enzymes involved in that process. Growth hormone concentrations are elevated during aerobic exercise in proportion to the exercise intensity and typically remain elevated for some time after exercise

7. Thyroid gland Release of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary increases during exercise. TSH control the release of triiodothyronine and thyroxin, so the exercise-induced increase in TSH would be expected to stimulate the thyroid gland. Exercise increase in plasma thyroxin concentrations, but a delay occurs between the increase in TSH concentration during exercise and the increase in plasma thyroxin concentration. During prolonged submaximal exercise, thyroxin concentrations remain relatively constant after a sharp initial increase as exercise begins, and triiodothyronine concentration tend to decrease.

8. Adrenal gland Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine is affected by a wide variety of factors, including changes in body position, psuchlogical stress, and exercise. Plasma concentration of these hormones increase as individuals gradually increase their exercise intensity. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations increase markedly at work rates about above 50% of VO2 max, but epinephrine concentrations do not increase significantly until the exercise intensity exceeds 60% to 70% of VO2 max.

9. During long duration steady state activity of moderate intensity, blood concentration of both hormones increase. When the exercise bout ends, epinephrine return to resting concentrations within only a few minutes of recovery, but norepinephrine can remain elevated for several hours. The glucocorticoids are essential to the ability to adapt to exercise and other forms of stress. They also help maintain fairly consistent plasma glucose concentrations even during long periods without ingestion of food.

10. Pancreas During exercise lasting 30 min or longer, the body attempts to maintain plasma glucose concentrations; however, insulin concentrations tend to decline. The ability of insulin to bind to its receptors on muscle cells increases during exercise, due in large part to increased blood flow to muscle. This increases the body’s sensitivity to insulin and reduces the need to maintain high plasma insulin concentrations for transporting glucose into the muscle cells. Plasma glucagon, on the other hand, shows gradual increase throughout exercise. Exercise, particularly heavy weightlifting, stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone from your anterior pituitary gland, and luteinzing hormone triggers testosterone production. Exercise that involves intense bursts of energy also stimulates the release of thyroxine from your thyroid gland. Exercise can help you control or reduce your weight because testosterone and thyroxine speed up your metabolism.

11. BLOOD SUGAR Insulin is a hormone that regulates your glucose, or blood sugar, by transporting it to muscles and tissues that use glucose for energy. Excessive insulin in your blood reduces your sensitivity to insulin and can lead to diabetes. More glucose stays in the blood when insulin sensitivity goes down, and high blood glucose can cause nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, organ failure, circulation problems and can lead to coma if left untreated. Exercise might increase your insulin sensitivity by reducing blood concentrations of insulin. Blood insulin levels begin decreasing after 10 minutes of aerobic exercise, and weight training might increase your sensitivity to insulin a rest.

12. BLOOD FLOW The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine during exercise and increases epinephrine levels at higher exercise intensities. Epinephrine increases the amount of blood that your heart pumps. Epinephrine also enhances your ability to use muscles during exercise by widening blood vessels, which lets your muscles get more oxygen-rich blood. Thyroxine secretions during exercise increase the amount of blood in your body by about 30 percent, and these secretions might remain elevated for around five hours .

13. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS The effects of exercise on your endocrine system might positively affect your mental state. Exercise-induced testosterone might increase confidence and libido. Conversely, low testosterone levels might inhibit your motivation, self-confidence, concentration and memory. Your pituitary gland may produce a large increase in blood endorphin levels shortly after exercise begins. Endorphins block your sensitivity to pain, and can reduce tension or anxiety by inducing a sense of euphoria

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