Egyption Architecrural Part One -28062022.pptx

العمارة المصرية

1. Egyptian Architecture 3000 B.C. – 200 B.C. Part I

2. Introduction The civilization of ancient Egypt one of the most influential civilizations throughout history, which produced a vast array of diverse structures and great architectural monuments along the Nile, among the most famous of which are: - The Great Pyramid of Giza. - The Great Sphinx of Giza. Before any of the peoples in the world, The Egyptians built huge buildings of stone , which contain spacious halls on columns. The Kings of ancient Egypt are known as pharaohs , sometimes they appear as gods and demi-gods . During the old Kingdom, the pharaoh and his court lived in Memphis , When they died they were buried at the Necropolis at Saqqara.

3. The earthly dwelling of the ancient Egyptians was seen as temporary , therefor the houses were built of temporary materials to last for a lifetime and the tomb as a permanent dwelling. Tombs were the most outstanding architectural element of that period. Tombs also serve as the focus for the worship of the dead. The Tomb evolved during the old kingdom from the Mastaba through the steppe pyramid to the renown ancient Egyptian pyramid. Introduction

4. There are many factors affected on ancient Egyptian Architecture: Constant factors: 1- Geographical: Nile river was a trade route to Eastern and Western foreign trade , therefore the Egyptians sited their villages and cemeteries on its banks . 2- Geological: - Stone is abundant in Egypt in quantity and variety. The chief kinds of stone were limestone, sandstone, alabaster, granite, quartet and basalt. - Houses , palaces were constructed of sun dried bricks. influences

5. There are many factors affected on ancient Egyptian Architecture: A) Constant factors: 3- Climate: Simplicity of design is conduced by the brilliant sunshine ; there was no real need for windows and thus unbroken massive walls not only protected the interior from the fierce heat of the sun, but also provided an uninterrupted surface for Hieroglyphics. Flat roofs of stone slabs sufficed to cover the buildings, and exclude the heat .. influences

6. There are many factors affected on ancient Egyptian Architecture: B) Variable factors: 1- Historical and Social: - The Egyptian civilization Is among the most ancient social and industrial conditions, It employed large number of staffs, trained craftsmen continuously, vast armies of laborers for the erection of monumental Buildings . Prisoners of war were also turned on to the same work. - Craftsmanship was very highly developed , particularly in royal workshops, and the Egyptians attained great skill in weaving, glass blowing, pottery turning, metal-working and in making musical instruments, jewelry and furniture . influences

7. There are many factors affected on ancient Egyptian Architecture: B) Variable factors: 2- Religion: - Egyptians believed in polytheism : Sun god ( إله الشمس ), Osiris ( اوزوريس - إله الانسان ), the man - god who died and rose again, the god of death , and through death of resurrection to eternal life, Isis (Osiris’ wife ) god of motherhood and protection ( إزيز زوجة اوزوريس - إله ال أ موم ة و الحماية ), Horus ) the sky - god ( ( حورس إل ه السماء ) , Hathor (god of love ) ( ح ا تور إله الحب ) and Set (god of evil) ( إله الشر ). - Egyptians believed resurrection and immortality , So they thought about life after death and they cared about cemeteries . influences

8. 2- Religion: - Egyptians in the architecture , focused on both tombs and temples : -Temples of the gods. - Pyramids of the early kings. influences

9. 1) The permanence characteristic of ancient Egyptian architecture made the civilization of Egypt the longest national civilization in history . Architectural Characteristics The permanence characteristic is created by the stone material

10. 2) Batter walls which remained one of the principal characteristics of Egyptian architecture. Architectural Characteristics

11. 3) The surface decoration of the masonry walls is also held to have been derived from the practice of scratching pictures on the early mud-plaster walls called hieroglyphics . Architectural Characteristics

12. 4) Egyptian columns have distinctive character and a very large proportion of them plainly advertise their vegetable origin (bundles of plant stems , gathered in a little at the base , and with capital seemingly derived from the lotus bud, the papyrus flower or the Ubiquitous palm) . Architectural Characteristics

13. Architectural Characteristics

14. 5) Egyptian monumental architecture which is essentially a columnar and trabeated style and it is expressed mainly in pyramids and other tombs and in temples. Architectural Characteristics

15. 6) Pylon s and Monumental gateway to an Egyptian temples consisting with slanting walls flanking the entrance portal. Architectural Characteristics

16. 7) Egyptian temples approached by impressive avenues of Sphinxes - mythical monsters (each with the body of a lion and a head of a man, hawk, ram or a woman) - possess in their massive pylons - great courts - hypostyle halls - inner sanctuaries and dim secret rooms . 3 types of sphinx Androsphinx human-headed Criosphinx- ram-headed Hieracosphinx falcon- headed Architectural Characteristics

17. 1. Mastaba The earliest method of burial in ancient Egypt was in shallow pits in the desert, The desert dried the bodies and preserved them. When animals preyed on bodies , First the people dug deeper . In the end they built a bench-like structure over graves to create first burial structure called Mastaba . The name mastaba is derived from podiums found in the front of traditional houses . In the Old Kingdom, rich and noble person built mastaba for their burial in the city of the dead . Above ground the Mastaba is a large bench of sun-baked bricks rising 9 meters high . It had a flat top and slanting walls . The earliest royal tombs were decorated with painted patterns in brilliant colors . Early Kingdom Tomb

18. Internally , a mastaba consist of three parts ( a burial chamber , a serdab and a chapel ). The burial chamber was located 30 feet below ground . It’s Connected to burial chamber above ground through a shaft place for the burial of the dead person. Early Kingdom Tomb 1. Mastaba

19. 1. Mastaba In the chamber is found the sarcophagus where the dead body was placed. The burial chamber is packed with all the necessary things needed in the afterlife . After burial, the shaft to the burial chamber was sealed. The Serdab and Chapel are located above ground . The serdab is a room where the statue of the dead person is kept . Statue acts as a substitute for body in case it is destroyed. Egyptians believed that the Ka must return to the body or a copy of it each night . If both body and statue are destroyed, the ka would die. The chapel is where the ka is supposed to live forever . Colorful room meant to deceive the gods into letting the ka enter the next world. Early Kingdom Tomb

20. Mastaba - Cross section - Some mastabas had fence walls, and chambers for burial of servants . Mastaba served as an embryo for the evolution of the pyramid .

21. Mastaba - Cross section

22. Mastaba - Cross section

23. SARCOPHAGUS - stone coffin : an ancient stone or marble coffin, often decorated with sculpture and inscriptions .