electro-pneumatics.pptx

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1. Electro-Pneumatics and E lectro-hydraulics application Presented by: LARRY D. MARQUEZ Instructor, DMMMSU-MLUC

2. Solenoid Valves

3. DEFINITION: a device which is primarily used as an electromagnet used to drive a plunger for the purpose of control actuation. SOLENOIDS

4. SOLENOID VALVES CONSIST OF: a pneumatic valve a solenoid to switch the element OPERATING PRINCIPLE: an electric current applied to the solenoid generates an EMF which moves an armature connected to the valve stem SOLENOID VALVES

5. 2/2 - way Directional Control Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned Consists of a pneumatic valve as the signal output medium and an electrical switching part, called a solenoid. An electric current applied to the solenoid generates an electromagnetic force (EMF) which moves an armature connected to the valve stem. PILOT VALVE

6. ELECTRICAL SIGNAL APPLIED TO SOLENOID SOLENOID ACTUATES PILOT VALVE PILOT ACTUATES MAIN VALVE PILOT SIGNAL FLOW By using pilot control, the size of the solenoid Can be kept to a minimum. Main Advantages : @ It reduced power consumption @ it reduced heat generation

7. 3/2 - way Directional Control Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned When an electric current is applied to the coil, an EMF is generated which lifts the lower sealing lips of the armature and opens the passage for pilot air. Pilot air then applies pressure on the diaphragm which then causes the valve to switch its position. Upon removal of the current, the pilot air passage closes and a spring returns the valve to its normal switching position.

8. 5/2 - way Directional Control Valve, Solenoid Actuated, Spring Returned When the solenoid is energized, the armature moves and the pilot air passage opens. The pilot air applies pressure to the left side of the valve piston resulting to the valve switching its position. Upon removal of the electrical signal, a spring returns the valve to its neutral switching position. Used for the control of double acting cylinders.

9. 5/2-way single solenoid valve with pilot control 2 (B) 3 (R) 1 (P) 5 (A) 4 (S)

10. 5/2-way single solenoid valve with pilot control 2 (B) 3 (R) 1 (P) 5 (A) 4 (S)

11. 5/2-way single solenoid valve with pilot control 2 (B) 3 (R) 1 (P) 5 (A) 4 (S)

12. 5/2-way single solenoid valve with pilot control 2 (B) 3 (R) 1 (P) 5 (A) 4 (S)

13. 5/2-way single solenoid valve with pilot control 2 (B) 3 (R) 1 (P) 5 (A) 4 (S)

14. 5/2-way single solenoid valve with pilot control 2 (B) 3 (R) 1 (P) 5 (A) 4 (S)

15. 5/2-way single solenoid valve with pilot control 2 (B) 3 (R) 1 (P) 5 (A) 4 (S)

16. 5/2-way single solenoid valve with pilot control 2 (B) 3 (R) 1 (P) 5 (A) 4 (S)

17. 5/2 - way Directional Control Valve, Double Solenoid Actuated Because of the absence of a return spring, double solenoid actuated valves retain the last signal administered to them. They remain in their last switched position even with power removed from both solenoids. Effectively, this means that this valve has “memory characteristic” .

18. Relays

19. Relays Relays are electro-magnetically actuated switches. They consist of a housing with electromagnet and movable contacts. An electromagnetic field is created when a voltage is applied to the coil of the electromagnet. This results in attraction of the movable armature to the coil core. The armature actuates the contact assembly . This contact assembly can open or close a specific number of contacts by mechanical means. If the flow of current through the coil is interrupted, a spring returns the armature to its original position.

20. Relays K A1 A2 1 2 4

21. Relay Coil Coil connections Contacts Contact connections Return spring Cover Symbol A1 A2 11 12 14 21 22 24 Armature

22. Relay A1 A2 11 12 14 21 22 24 A1 A2 4 2 1 Symbol

23. Relay A1 A2 11 12 14 21 22 24 A1 A2 4 2 1 Symbol

24. Relay A1 A2 11 12 14 21 22 24 A1 A2 4 2 1 Symbol

25. Relay A1 A2 11 12 14 21 22 24 A1 A2 4 2 1 Symbol

26. Advantages of Relays Easily adapted to various operating voltages Not much affected by the temperature of their surroundings Relatively high resistance between contacts in the off state Several independent circuits can be switched

27. Disadvantages of Relays Working surface of contacts wear through oxidation Large space requirement compare to transistors Noise is created during the switching operation The contacts are affected by contamination Limited switching speed of 3ms - 17ms

28. Switches

29. SWITCHES POSITIONS : normally open normally closed CONTACT CONFIGURATIONS : normally open contact normally closed contact changeover contact

30. Logic operations are funcions which link binary signals according to the rules of Boolean algebra. Four basic logic operations are available for this purpose. Identity Input and output signal have the same status. Negation (NOT) The output signal has the opposite value to the input signal. Conjunction (AND) The output signal only has the value 1, if all the input signals have the value 1 Disjunction (OR) The output signal has the value 1, if at least one of the input signals has the value 1. Basic logic functions

31. Basic electrical circuits Function

32. Basic electrical circuits NOT Function

33. Basic electrical circuits OR Function

34. Basic electrical circuits AND Function

35. Sensors

36. What are sensors? A sensor is a technical converter, which converts a physical value such as temperature, pressure, flow, or distance, into a different value which is easier to evaluate. This is usually an electrical signal such as voltage, current, resistance or frequency of oscillation. Devices which convert physical variables into form of electrical signals to gather data, monitor or control a process.

37. Sensor Classifications

38. Contact Sensors Electromechanical devices that detect change through physical contact with the target object Typically do not require power Can handle more current and better tolerate power line disturbances Generally easier to understand and diagnose Examples: encoders, limit switches and safety switches

39. Noncontact Sensors Solid-state electronic devices that create an energy field or beam and react to a disturbance in that field. No physical contact is required. No moving parts to jam, wear, or break (therefore less maintenance) Can generally operate faster Greater application flexibility Examples: photoelectric, inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic

40. NPN/PNP Transistor For PNP: the load must be connected between the sensor output and the negative (-) power connection. This is also known as a “sourcing” output.

41. + 18 to 30 Volts DC. Output 24v DC 0v PNP Type Output is Positive Positive switching

42. NPN/PNP Transistor For NPN: the load must be connected between the sensor output and the positive (+) power connection. This is also known as a “sinking” output.

43. + 18 to 30 Volts DC. Output 24v DC 0v NPN Type Output switches through to 0v Negative switching

44. SENSOR Wiring C olor Codes P NP Wiring N PN Wiring 4- W ire Sensor Wiring

45. Sensor Color Code BROWN / RED BLUE BLACK WHITE / GRAY (+) Supply (- ) 0 VDC Supply N.O. to the Load N.C. to the Load

46. 2-Wire Sensor Wiring Series Connection Parallel Connection

47. 3-Wire Sensor Wiring + 24 Vdc - 0 Vdc + 24 Vdc - 0 Vdc PNP NPN

48. 3-Wire Sensor Wiring Parallel Connection

49. 3-Wire Sensor Wiring Series Connection NPN PNP

50. 4-Wire Sensor Wiring + 24 Vdc - 0 Vdc PNP N.O. N.C.

51. 4-Wire Sensor Wiring + 24 Vdc - 0 Vdc NPN N.O. N.C.

52. INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS Inductive proximity sensors are designed to detect metal objects. Non-contact technology No moving parts; not subject to mechanical damage or wear Perform well in very dirty environments, where they are unaffected by buildup of contaminants such as dust, grease oil, or soot, on the sensing face. Detect both ferrous and nonferrous metals

53. BN BK BU Note: For metallic materials only INDUCTIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS Switching Voltage --------------------------------- 10-30 V DC Nominal switching distance ---------------------- 4mm Switching frequency------------------------------- 800Hz (max) Output function ------------------------------------ NO contact, PNP switching Output current ------------------------------------- 400 mA (max)

54. Effects of Target Size & Shape Flat targets are preferable. Rounded targets may reduce the operating distance. Nonferrous materials usually reduce the operating distance for all-metal sensing models. Targets smaller than the operating face may increase the sensing distance Foils may increase the operating distance.

55. Inductive Proximity Sensors: Advantages Not affected by moisture Not affected by dust/dirty environments No moving parts/no mechanical wear. Not color dependent. Less surface dependent than other sensing technologies No blind zone.

56. Inductive Proximity Sensors: Disadvantages Only sense the presence of metal targets Operating range is shorter than other available sensing technologies May be affected by strong electromagnetic fields.

57. Inductive Proximity Sensors: Typical Applications Position sensing of metal targets in automated machining Metal parts detection in automated assembly Metal container presence sensing in automated food or beverage packaging

58. Inductive Proximity Sensors: Typical Applications Machine Tools

59. Inductive Proximity Sensors: Typical Applications On-line Parts Sorting

60. CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS Capacitive proximity sensors are capable of detecting metals, nonmetals, solids and liquids, although they are best suited for nonmetallic targets.

61. BN BK BU CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSORS Switching Voltage -------------------------- 10-30V DC Nominal switching distance --------------- 4mm Switching frequency ------------------------ 100 Hz (max) Output function ------------------------------ NO contact, PNP switching Output current ------------------------------- 200mA (max)

62. Target Considerations: Dielectric Constants Materials with high dielectric constants – easier to sense.

63. Note: Materials with higher dielectric constants may be sensed though the walls of containers made with materials lower dielectric constants.

64. Capacitive Proximity: Advantages Detects metal and nonmetal, liquids and solids. Can see through certain materials (product boxes) Solid-state, long life Many mounting configurations

65. Capacitive Proximity: Disadvantages Short (1 inch or less) sensing distance varies widely according to material being sensed. Very sensitive to environmental factors – humidity in coastal/water climates can affect sensing output. Not at all selective for its target.

66. Capacitive Proximity: Typical Applications Liquid level sensing Product filling lines Plastic parts detection Pallet detection for materials handling

67. Capacitive Proximity: Typical Applications Level sensing in a hopper

68. Capacitive Proximity: Typical Applications Product sensing

69. PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS A switch where the mechanical actuator or lever arm function is replaced by a beam of light. All photoelectric sensors operate by sensing a change in the amount of light received by a photodetector .

70. BN BK BU PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS Switching Voltage -------------------------10-30 V DC Nominal Switching distance ------------- 0-100 mm (adjustable) Switching frequency ---------------------- 200 Hz (max) Output function ---------------------------- NO contact, PNP switching Output current ----------------------------- 100mA (max)

71. Through-beam Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

72. Through-beam Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

73. Through-beam Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

74. Through-beam Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

75. Through-beam Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

76. Through-beam Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

77. Retro-reflective Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS Retro-reflector

78. Retro-reflective Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS Retro-reflector

79. Retro-reflective Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS Retro-reflector

80. Diffusion Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

81. Diffusion Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

82. Diffusion Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

83. Diffusion Type PHOTOELECTRIC SENSORS

84. SENSORS Magnetic Sensor Optical Sensor Inductive Sensor Optical Sensor

85. Electrical Timers Time relay with switch on delay Time relay with switch off delay

86. Switch on Delay Timer S1 + - D1 R1 R2 C1 K1 When S1 is actuated, current flows to capacitor C1 through adjustable resistance R1. Diode D1, which is connected in parallel, does not permit the flow of current in this direction. After capacitor C1 has become charged to the switching voltage of the relay K1, the relay switches.

87. Switch off Delay Timer S1 + - D1 R1 R2 C1 K1 When S1 is actuated, the current flows through diode D1, which is connected in the free flow direction, to capacitor C1 and the relay K1. The relay switches at once. After release of pushbutton S1, the circuit is interrupted. Capacitor C1 can now discharge solely via adjustable resistor R1 and resistance R2.

88. Motion Sequences

89. Sequence Control System This is a control system using a mandatory step by step sequence, in which the sequencing from one step to the next programmed step depends on certain conditions being satisfied .

90. Representations 1.0 2.0 1 2 3 4 5 = 1 Motion Step Diagram

91. Representations Chronological Order Cylinder 1.0 extends and lifts the box Cylinder 2.0 extends and pushes the box Cylinder 1.0 retracts, then Cylinder 2.0 retracts Tabular Form Work Step Motion of Cylinder 1.0 Motion of Cylinder 2.0 1 out - 2 - out 3 in - 4 - in

92. Abbreviated Notation Extension represented by : + 1.0 + Retraction represented by : - 2.0 + 1.0 - 2.0 - Representations Vector Diagram Extension represented by 1.0 Retraction represented by 2.0 1.0 2.0

93. PNEUMATIC APPLICATIONS

94. Pressing Welding Assembling Painting Automobile manufacturing Powertrain lines

95. Pneumatics for Welding guns Welding

96. Food and Packaging Industry

97. Electronic Industry

98. -end- Thank you!!!