Electrolyte imbalance

Electrolyte imbalance B.Pharm 2nd sem pathophysiology

1. ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE

2. Any disturbance in water, sodium or other electrolytes are called electrolyte imbalance. POTASSIUM USE Muscle contraction, blood coagulation, enzyme action, conduction of impulse, maintain cell membrane potential. HYPOKALEMIA (treated with IV potassium) Abnormally low concentration of potassium in blood Etiology Reduced dietary intake, poor absorption, excess GI loss, drugs Symptoms Skeletal muscle weakness, decreased reflex, low BP, anorexia, polydipsia HYPERKALEMIA (treated with cation exchange resin, hemodialysis) Abnormally high concentration of potassium in blood Etiology ARF, CRF, burn, severe infections, crush injuries Symptoms Irritability, cardiac conductions, nausea, diarrhea, weakness

3. CALCIUM USE Neuromuscular transmission, cell membrane permeability, hormone secretion, growth, contraction of muscles HYPOCALCEMIA (treated with calcium salts and vit D) Abnormally low concentration of calcium in blood Etiology Endocrine dysfunction, renal disease, reduced dietary intake of Ca and vit D Symptoms Abdominal cramps, tetany, convulsion, heart failure, neural excitability HYPERKALEMIA (treated with diuretics, hydration) Abnormally high concentration of calcium in blood Etiology Cancer, thyroid dysfunction, overactive parathyroid, excess Vit D intake Symptoms Decreased muscle tone, renal stone, deep bone pain, cardiac dysrrhthmia