electrolytes_20241007_235909_0.....000.pdf

Electrolytes

1. electrolytes

2. Na(sodium)
Sodium enters the body through food and drink
and leaves the body primarily in sweat and urine.
Healthy kidneys maintain a consistent level of
sodium in the body by adjusting the amount
excreted in the urine. When sodium consumption
and loss are not in balance, the total amount of
sodium in the body is affected

3. Role of sodium:
The human body requires a small amount of
sodium to conduct nerve impulses, contract
and relax muscles, and maintain the proper
balance of water and minerals outside the
cells.

4. Hyponatremia (Low Level of Sodium in the Blood)
Causes
people with severe vomiting or diarrhea lose sodium. If they replace their
fluid losses with just water, sodium is diluted.
1.
2.Disorders, such as kidney disorders (for example, glomerulonephritis) and other
disorders (for example, cirrhosis, and heart failure), can cause the body to retain
sodium and fluid. Often the body retains more fluid than sodium, which means the
sodium is diluted.
3. diuretics medicecin
4. Pain, stress, exercise, a low blood sugar level, and certain disorders of the
heart, thyroid gland, kidneys, or adrenal glands can stimulate the release of
vasopressin from the pituitary gland
5. Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

5. Symptoms of Hyponatremia
The brain is particularly sensitive to changes in the sodium level in
blood. Therefore, symptoms of brain dysfunction, such as
sluggishness (lethargy) and confusion, occur first. If the sodium level
in blood falls quickly, symptoms tend to develop rapidly and be more
severe. Older adults are more likely to have severe symptoms.
As hyponatremia becomes more severe, muscle twitching and
seizures may occur. People may become unresponsive, aroused only
by vigorous stimulation (stupor), and eventually cannot be aroused
(coma). Death may follow.

6. Hypernatremia (High Level of Sodium in the Blood)
Usually, hypernatremia results from dehydration. For example, people may lose
body fluids and become dehydrated due to
Drinking too little
Vomiting
Having diarrhea
Using diuretics (medications that increase urination)
Sweating excessively
People with diabetes mellitus
Dehydration can also be caused by kidney disorders
Causes

7. Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Hypernatremia typically causes thirst. The most
serious symptoms of hypernatremia result from brain
dysfunction. Severe hypernatremia can lead to
confusion (delirium), muscle twitching (myoclonus),
seizures, coma, and death.

8. Potassium's Role in the Body
Most of the body’s potassium is located inside the cells.
Potassium is necessary for the normal functioning of cells,
nerves, and muscles.
reduces the effect of sodium (present in table salt) on blood
pressure.
It helps move nutrients into cells, and waste products out
of cells.

9. Hypokalemia (Low Level of Potassium in the Blood)
Causes
the potassium level becomes low because too much is lost from the
digestive tract due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive laxative use.
1.
2.too much potassium is excreted in urine, usually because the person is
using medications that cause the kidneys to excrete excess sodium, water,
and potassium (diuretics).
3.Hypokalemia sometimes occurs with or is caused by a low level of
magnesium in the blood (hypomagnesemia).

10. Symptoms of Hypokalemia
A slight decrease in the potassium level in blood usually causes no symptoms.
A larger decrease can cause muscle weakness, cramping, twitches, and even paralysis.
Abnormal heart rhythms may develop. They may develop even when the decrease is slight if
people already have a heart disorder or take the heart medication digoxin.
If hypokalemia lasts for an extended time, kidney problems may develop, causing the person to
urinate frequently and drink large amounts of water.

11. Hyperkalemia (High Level of Potassium in the Blood)
Kidney disorders that prevent the kidneys from excreting
enough potassium
Medications that prevent the kidneys from excreting normal
amounts of potassium (a common cause of mild hyperkalemia
A diet very high in potassium
Treatments that contain potassium
The most common cause of mild hyperkalemia is
Adison diseases

12. Symptoms of Hyperkalemia
Mild hyperkalemia causes few, if any, symptoms.
Sometimes, people may develop muscle weakness. In a
rare disorder called hyperkalemic familial periodic
paralysis, people have attacks of weakness that can
progress to paralysis.
When hyperkalemia becomes more severe, it can cause
abnormal heart rhythms. If the level is very high, the
heart can stop beating.

13. Calcium's Role in the Body
About 99% of the body’s calcium is stored in the bones, but cells
(particularly muscle cells) and blood also contain calcium.
Calcium is essential for the following:
Formation of bone and teeth
Muscle contraction
Normal functioning of many enzymes
Blood clotting
Normal heart rhythm

14. Hypocalcemia (Low Level of Calcium in the Blood)
Causes
low level of parathyroid hormone (hypoparathyroidism), as can occur when the parathyroid glands are
damaged during thyroid gland surgery
Lack of response to a normal level of parathyroid hormone (pseudohypoparathyroidism)
No parathyroid glands at birth (for example, in DiGeorge syndrome)
A low level of magnesium (hypomagnesemia), which reduces the activity of parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D deficiency (due to inadequate consumption or inadequate exposure to sunlight)
Kidney dysfunction, which results in more calcium excreted in urine and makes the kidneys less able to
activate vitamin D
Disorders that decrease calcium absorption
Certain medications, including rifampin (an antibiotic), antiseizure medications (such as phenytoin and
phenobarbital), bisphosphonates (such as alendronate, ibandronate, risedronate, and zoledronic acid),
calcitonin, chloroquine, corticosteroids, and plicamycin

15. Hypercalcemia (High Level of Calcium in the Blood)
Too much calcium intake
Too much vitamin D intake:
Cancer: Cells in cancers of the kidney, lung, or ovary may secrete
large amounts of a protein that, like parathyroid hormone,
increases the calcium level in blood.
Bone disorders: If bone is broken down (resorbed) or destroyed,
calcium is released into the blood, sometimes causing
hypercalcemia
Causes

16. Long-term or severe hypercalcemia
commonly results in kidney stones
containing calcium. Less commonly, kidney
failure develops, but it usually resolves with
treatment. However, if enough calcium
accumulates within the kidneys, damage is
irreversible.

17. Phosphate's Role in the Body
Bone contains about 85% of the body’s phosphate. The rest is located
primarily inside cells, where it is involved in energy production.
Phosphate is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth. Phosphate is
also used as a building block for several important substances, including
those used by the cell for energy, cell membranes, and DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid).
The body obtains phosphate from foods. Foods that are high in phosphate
include milk, egg yolks, chocolate, and soft drinks. To maintain a normal leve
of phosphate in the blood, adults need to consume 700 milligrams a day.
Phosphate is excreted from the body in urine and sometimes stool. How
much phosphate is in stool varies, depending on how

18. Hypophosphatemia (Low Level of Phosphate in the Blood)
Acute hypophosphatemia Chronic hypophosphatemia
Causes
There are 2 type
Hyperparathyroidism
Chronic diarrhea
Use of diuretics for a long time
Use of large amounts of aluminum-
containing antacids for a long time
Use of large amounts of
theophylline (used to treat asthma)
Severe undernutrition
(including starvation)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Severe alcohol use
disorder
Severe burns

19. Hyperphosphatemia (High Level of Phosphate in the Blood)
Causes
low level of parathyroid hormone (hypoparathyroidism)
Lack of response to a normal level of parathyroid hormone
(pseudohypoparathyroidism)
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Destruction of muscle tissue (rhabdomyolysis)
Severe bodywide infections (sepsis)
Large amounts of phosphate taken by mouth or given in an enema