Embalming

Introduction about Embalming and History of embalming
chemical composition and types of fluids and i have mentioned with watever i have used reference

1. EMBALMING

2. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION HISTORY CHEMICAL FLUIDS TYPES REFERENCES

3. Definition:- Embalming is one of humankind’s longest practiced arts, is a means of artificially preserving the dead human body. Modern embalming is defined as the study & science of treating a dead human body to achieve antiseptic condition, a pre mortem appearance & preservation.

4. Introduction:- Esmond R Long M.D., a Medical Historian ‘ Nothing gives a better perspective of the subject than an appreciation of the steps by which it has reached its present state’

5. Types of preservation Natural means. Artificial means.

6. Natural means of preservation Freezing – ice, snow, glaciers. Dry cold – cold dry air. Dry heat – dry warm air. Nature of the soil at the place of interment.

7. Freezing Inca human sacrifice S nowcapping

8. Dry cold Dry cold preservation of Bishop Peder Winstrup , 1605-1679, church of Sweden.

9. Dry heat Egyptian mummies

10. Nature of soil Long term burial in peat bogs. Soil impregnated with salt, aluminium or copper.

11. Artificial means of preservation Simple heat Powders Evisceration & immersion Evisceration, local incision & immersion Evisceration & drying Simple immersion Arterial injection Arterial injection & evisceration Cavity injection & immersion Arterial injection & cavity treatment Artificial cold

12. Simple heat Simple heat – slow drying in an oven that is heated with mixture of slaked lime.

13. Powders Powders – sawdust + zinc sulphate or other preservatives .

14. Evisceration & immersion Evisceration & immersion – used by Egyptians.

15. Evisceration & drying – Guanche method. Evisceration, local incision & immersion – Europe S imple immersion – alcohol, brine or other liquid preservatives. Arterial injection & evisceration – Hunter Brothers Cavity injection & immersion – Gabriel Clauderus method.

16. Arterial injection – mode of treatment of Gannal , Sucquet . Arterial injection & cavity treatment – Modern method. Artificial cold – refrigeration inhibits bacterial activity.

17. Period of embalming history 1 st period Originated in Egypt. 3200 BC to 650 AC. Religious motive, believe in resurrection. Variation in techniques.

18. Continue.. 2 nd period 650 AD to 1861 Practiced in Europe. Period of Anatomists. Motive is to advance the development of embalming.

19. Continue.. 3 rd period or modern period 1861 till now. Europe to America. Funeral purpose, sentiments, public transportations. Preserve for further study & research in anatomy.

20. Chemicals & fluids Preservatives Germicides Buffers Wetting agent Anticoagulants Dyes Vehicle Perfuming agent

21. Preservatives Formaldehyde Methanol Phenol

22. Formaldehyde D iscovered in 1856, by british chemist, August Wilheld Von Hofmann. Colourless Pungent odour Commercially available as formalin containing 37% of formaldehyde in water. 7% methyl alcohol, 37% formaldehyde remaining water .

23. Methanol Volatile, inflammable & poisonous. If consumed, causes blindness & death. Best preservative that precipitates proteins and kills many organisms. Best useful dilution is 75% isopropyl alcohol. It is cheaper, toxic than ethanol. Stabilises formalin. Penetrates & diffuses easily.

24. Phenol Carbolic acid, Coal tar derivative, extremely poisonous, colourless, Crystalline solid. Light exposure, turns dark(oxidation). Rapidly absorbed by protein contents of tissues. Non soluble in water, Soluble in ether, ethanol, chloroform & glycerine. Powerful germicide & fungicide. Greying of tissues.

25. Germicides Surface disinfectants Kill microbes Eg : phenolic derivatives, zephiran chloride, glutaraldehyde .

26. Buffers Weak acids or basic salts are used to stabilise the pH, called buffers. Stability of the chemicals in embalming depends on pH of the medium. Eg : sodium borate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium carbonate.

27. Wetting agent Lowers high surface tension of water & facilitates penetration and distribution of embalming fluids. Eg : glycerine, glycol, sorbitol, sodium lauryl sulphate.

28. Anticoagulants Used to precipitate the calcium to non ionized state. They maintain blood in liquid state & facilitate removal of blood and distribution of arterial fluids. Eg : sodium citrate, sodium oxalate

29. Dyes Produce an internal cosmetic effect that simulates natural colouring of tissues. Eg : tetra bromo fluorescein(eosin), ponceau , erythrosine, amaranth, acid fuchsin , toludine red & rhodamine .

30. V ehicles Diluents or solvents or a mixture of solvents. Helps the ingredients in solution in a stable and uniform state during transport through vascular system to different parts of body. Eg : alcohols, glycerine, sorbitol, water

31. Perfumes Masking agents, water soluble or made water soluble by surfactants. They are floral compounds. Eg : methyl salicylate(oil of winter green), clove oil, cinnamon oil of peppermint( minthol ) or lavender.

32. Muscle relaxants Relaxes smooth muscles in arterial wall & assist flow of fluids in vascular system. Eg : magnesium chloride

33. Disinfection Disinfectant - agent used to inanimate by destroying microbial agent but not bacterial spores. Germicide - agent used to inanimate by destroying microbial agent but not bacterial spores . Sterilization – effective decontaminates completely .

34. Embalming fluids Arterial fluids Cavity fluids Pre injection fluids

35. Arterial fluids Injected into vascular system. Dilution varies with types of bodies – dehydrated, obese, oedematous. Also varies with special conditions like – refrigerated bodies, burnt bodies, infants.

36. Arterial fluids for obese subject 1 Preservatives formalin methanol 10 % 55% 2 Buffers Sodium borate 15 gm. 3 Anticoagulants Sodium citrate 15 gm. 4 Wetting agent Glycerine 15% 5 Germicide Phenol 5% 6 Vehicle Water 15% 7 Fungicide Thymol Few crystals 8 Dye 1% Eosin 5 ml. 9 Perfume Winter green oil 10 ml.

37. Arterial fluids for thin subjects 1 Preservatives formalin methanol 10 % 55% 2 Buffers Sodium borate 15 gm. 3 Anticoagulants Sodium citrate 15 gm. 4 Wetting agent Glycerine 20% 5 Germicide Phenol 5% 6 Vehicle Water 10% 7 Fungicide Thymol Few crystals 8 Dye 1% Eosin 5 ml. 9 Perfume Winter green oil 10 ml.

38. Cavity fluids Fluids injected into body cavities i.e. thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities with a trocar. For an average body, about 2 lts of cavity fluid is injected. Preserves & disinfects the walls & parenchyma of organs, contents of hollow viscera & space between visceral organs.

39. Cavity fluid compositions 1 Formalin 60% 2 Methanol 25% 3 Glycerine 2.5% 4 Phenol 10% 5 Mercuric chloride 1% 5 Lavender 1%

40. Pre injection fluids

41. Continues.. Pre injection fluid is injected before injecting arterial fluids. It allows to drain the blood from vascular system. 4 to 5 litters injected, wait for 30min before injecting arterial fluids. Loosens clots, improves drainage. Contains anticoagulants & buffers.

42. Fluids used in dissection laboratories Paint mixture – for keeping moist. 1 Glycerine 75% 2 Alcohol 10% 3 Phenol 5% 4 Water 10%

43. Tank (immersion) fluid – for immersing cadavers 1 Formalin 15% 2 Glycerine 20% 3 Phenol 5% 4 Water 60%

44. Cloth fluid – prevent drying of area under dissection & isolated dissected part. 1 Formalin 5% 2 Glycerine 50% 3 Phenol 5% 4 Water 4 %

45. Methods of embalming Arterial embalming Cavity embalming Supplemental method Hypodermic embalming Surface embalming

46. Hypodermic embalming To preserve small or large local body areas by subcutaneous injection. May be arterial fluid or cavity fluid. Hypodermic syringe, 8 to 19 gauge of varying length.

47. Surface embalming Local body areas are preserved by applying suitable chemicals to surface of the body. May be arterial or cavity fluid. Packs of cotton or gauge are soaked, applied to eternal skin. Eg : burned tissues, bed sores, surface lesions

48. Embalming procedure Factors determining the flow of fluids into tissues capillary resistance, chemical composition, injection pressure, osmosis, diffusion & gravity.

49. Gravity injection Traditional, safest, simplest & least expensive. Graduated glass bottle, 10 litters with an outlet. Outlet is corked through which the nozzle is passed, connected to transparent rubber tube with screw clamp to regulate rate of flow. Other end is attached to injecting needle or cannula. Bottled filled with arterial fluid is kept 4 to 6 feet from embalming table. Raise of 1 foot gives fluid pressure of 0.43 pound.

50. Electric pump Simple device generates pressure to force fluid from tank to vascular system. Provides steady & high pressure. Delivers 8 to 10 litres within 30 to 45 min.

51. References Ajmani , M.L (1998) 'Embalming: principles & legal aspects', , (), pp. . Andrew, L. Hodges (2006) 'Embalming explained', Internet source

52. Thank you