Embalming

the procedure of embalming in animals..very helpfull for veterinary anatomist.

1. Embalming Submitted to : Dr . Subhash C. Dubal Professor Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology Submitted by: Vishal A.Patel M.V.Sc . (2 nd semester) Veterinary Anatomy & Histology VAN - 604

2. In the Anatomy discipline there are various methods which are followed for preservation of animal tissues / organs as anatomical specimens as well as for structural studies . Various methods are - Introduction

3. Embalming Plastination Taxidermy Cryo – preservation

4. Arterial embalming consists of the injection of an embalming fluid into the arterial system of the cadaver and utilizing the whole vascular system. Definition

5. Embalming is the process of chemically treating the dead human body to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to retard decomposition and to restore an acceptable physical appearance. (Frederick and Strub , 1989 )

6. Embalming Laboratory

7. Embalming originated in Egypt around 3200 B.C . When a death occurred the person’s body was placed into a shallow grave wrapped only in cloth or straw matting . The ground, which was sandy, dry and porous, contained no moisture and this combined with the high outside temperature prevented the growth of any bacteria . History of Embalming

8. The major developments in embalming which took place in Europe can be attributed to the study by anatomists . Anatomists in their to study the human body in detail needed to obtain bodies and preserve them for lengthy periods of time . T he embalming which took place in the 15th century was done primarily so that medical research could be conducted. In the early Medieval period oils of turpentine, lavender and rosemary were used together with spirits of wine and salt for preserving the body.

9. Later in the same period embalming liquids changed to include chemicals such as zinc, arsenic, aluminium chloride, alcohol and zinc sulfate . Methods used included arterial injection and body soaking. It is thought that some form of embalming was therefore utilized by Da Vinci . From the late 17th century to the mid 19th century many embalming discoveries were made by physicians . Important discoveries included William Harvey’s understanding of the circulation of blood (1616 -1628) and Marcello Malpighi’s knowledge of the existence of blood capillaries (1661).

10. For medical and scientific purposes such as their use as anatomical specimens for study. To keep the body suitable for public display at a funeral. Purpose

11. Sanitization Presentation Preservation Goals:-

12. Formaldehyde Glutaraldehyde Ethanol Chemicals used for Embalming

13. Embalming Room

14. Arterial embalming Cavity embalming Hypodermic embalming Surface embalming Steps of Embalming

15. The animal is laid on the left lateral R ecumbency. The right common carotid artery is exposed through incising the right jugular furrow and by cleaning the fascia of the the artery to allow movement and space for the canula, which is inserted into it. When the carotid artery is raised with aneurism hooks, two (10”) pieces of ligature are placed around the artery with forceps to hold the canula in place while embalming. ( This is done to help avoid leakage or release of the tube due to pressure exerted by the embalming apparatus .) The common carotid artery is  then incised about 4 mm long and any blood clots present are removed with forceps . A canula is inserted in the same slit made into the artery for effective bleeding Arterial E mbalming

16. An L-shaped canula is then inserted into the carotid artery via the slit and tied securely with a string. The other end of L-shaped canula is connected to polyethylene tubing which is connected to the gravity embalming tank located above the calf. Before embalming fluid is injected, air is removed from the connecting tube to avoid any possible airlocks produced by the vessels of the cadaver during the injection of the fluid. Injection periods vary in each case taking 8 to 24 hours. This variability is due to the ability of the body to accept the fluid at its own rate.

17. Instruments Container containing embalming fluid

18. When all preparatory procedures have been completed, the petcock is turned on to allow the embalming fluid to flow through the tubing, canula and into the common carotid artery, thus dispersing the fluid into the vascular system . During embalming a number of small whitish splotches appear on the skin in the region most effectively embalmed and then spread peripherally . This splotching effect of embalming can be used to determine the effectiveness of the embalming condition at any given time.

19. Gravity Injector

20. Motorized Injector

21. Cavity embalming refers to the replacement of internal fluids inside body cavities with embalming chemicals via the use of an aspirator  and trocar . The embalmer makes a small incision just above the navel (two inches superior and two inches to the right) and pushes the trocar in the chest and stomach cavities to puncture the hollow organs and aspirate their contents . T he cavities are filled with concentrated chemicals that contain formaldehyde. The incision is either sutured closed or a "trocar button" is secured into place. Cavity Embalming

22. Hypodermic  embalming is a supplemental method. It is refers to the injection of embalming chemicals into tissue with a hypodermic needle and syringe, which is generally used as needed on a case by case basis to treat areas where arterial fluid has not been successfully distributed during the main arterial injection. Hypodermic   Embalming

23. Hypodermic needle and syringe

24. Surface embalming is another supplemental method - embalming chemicals use to preserve and restore areas directly on the skin surface and other superficial areas. also use for areas of damage such as from accident, decomposition, cancerous growth or skin donation. Surface Embalming

25. Specimen made available for dissection within 48 - 72 hours . Widely used for preparation of specimen for dissection . Suitable method for long time preservation of the cadaver/ organ / tissue . 10 % formalin solution is routinely used and prepared from formaldehyde solution that easily available in the market. Advantages :

26. Formalin embalmed specimens are moist to touch, emit toxic vapors and need gloves to handle them. The formalin is an irritant to the eye and nasal mucosa . The natural color of the fixed specimen is altered and l arge sized specimens are difficult to be handled. If the specimen jar is kept open formalin gets evaporated, the specimen may get dried up and there is formation of formic acid salts which stains brown color to the jar . Frequent replacement of the solution every 3 – 4 months is required. Disadvantages

27. THANK YOU