Embolism

EMBOLISM

1. EMBOLISM

2. Definition Is the process of partial or complete obstruction of some part of the cardiovascular system by mass carried in the circulation. Embolus- intravascular mass detached from its site of origin.

3. Classification Material Infected Source Flow of blood Solid Sterile Cardiac Paradoxical Liquid Infected Arterial Retrograde Gas Venous Lymphatic

4. Types Type Origin Systemic Left ventricle Fat Trauma of bone Air Obstructive trauma Decompression sickness Descent drivers Amniotic fluid Components of amniotic fluid Atheroembolism Atheromatous plaques Tumour Tumour fragments Pulmonary Lower leg veins

5. Pulmonary embolism

6. Etio-pathogenesis Large vein from lower legs Stasis of venous blood Hypercoagulable state Saddle embolus

7. Fat embolism Obstruction of the arterioles and capillaries by fat globules Due to trauma of bone & soft tissue Extensive burns DM Fatty liver Pancreatitis Sickle cell anemia

8. Morphology Lungs – Hyperemia, Edema ,Petechial hemorrhage Brain - Petechial hemorrhage Kidney – Reduced GFR

9. Decompression sickness Special form of gas embolism Caisson’s disease, Driver's palsy , Aeroembolism

10. Amniotic fluid embolism Most serious Unpredictable Unpreventable cause of Maternal mortality.

11. Morphology Hemorrhage Congestion Edema Right side heart failure

12. Tumour embolism Malignant tumour cells invade the blood vessels Clear cell carcinoma of kidney Lung carcinoma Malignant melanomas

13. INFARCT

14. DEFINITION Is the process of tissue necrosis Usually coagulative type from ischemia Localized area of necrosis

15. Etiology Sudden interruption of blood flow Stagnant hypoxia Nonocclusive circulatory insufficiency

16. Types Colour Age Infection Pale ( kidney,Heart,Spleen ) Recent Infected Red ( lungs,intestine ) Old Sterile

17. Morphology Wedge shaped Apex pointing towards the occlusion Base on the surface Arterial occlusion-pale Venous occlusion- hemorrhagic Recent infarct – elevated Old infarct - shrunken

18. Coagulative necrosis Brain – liquefactive necrosis Inflammatory reactions Fibrous scar

19. Infarct - lung

20. Infarct - kidney

21. Spleen

22. Liver