Emergency Response & Rescue Planning.ppt

Emergency rescue plan

1. Emergency Response & Rescue
Planning
by
Mr. G. S. Saini
Director, National Civil Defence College

2. Scenario #1
•You are a Safety officer of your Plant.
•You receive a call from a worker reporting a
person down, clutching his throat and
coughing.
•Upon arrival at the scene you notice several
people in the immediate vicinity also down
–Some are clutching their chests and some are
coughing heavily.

3. Scenario #1 Questions
•What is happening?
•Is this a normal reaction for a heart
attack?
•Is it likely that five people have had heart
attacks at the same time and place?

4. Scenario #2
•Now people are staggering away from the
scene
•All are complaining of blurred vision & red
teary eyes.

5. Scenario #2 Questions
•What might we be dealing with?
•Are we dealing with something other than a
heart attack?
•Could this be caused by something in the
atmosphere?

6. Scenario #3
•People are starting to run from
the scene.
•Some people have lost
consciousness.

7. Scenario #3 Questions
•What could account for all these
symptoms?
•What would you look for as the cause?

8. Observations of Incident
•There is no debris, which might indicate a
blast
•No smoke or fire is apparent
•There are multiple casualties, without the
presence of trauma
•It was a sudden onset

9. Operational Clues
•Clues that indicate a chemical incident
–Symptoms exhibited in multiple casualties that
are normally seen in a single person.
–Multiple casualties for no apparent reason
–Multiple casualties without trauma
–Escalating number of victims
–Escalating symptoms of the victims

10. Solution
•Observations indicate a toxic chemical
agent has caused the incident
•Symptoms indicate victims have likely
been exposed to a choking agent-
CHLORINE

11. What is the Next Move?
•Call in support based on
–Increasing number of victims
–Responder hazard (first response was for a
unknown factor, now there is a chemical
hazard)
–Need for additional equipment
•Protect yourself
•Treat the victims

12. What is a Hazard ?

13. Hazard
“Any substance/operation that poses an
unreasonable risk to life, property or the
environment.”
•Hazardous Material
–“Any substance that poses an unreasonable risk
to life, the environment, or property when not
properly contained.”

14. How to Identify ?
Hazardous materials pose many
problems. One of the obvious problems
is determining what constitutes a
hazardous materials incident. Many
agencies are involved with the handling,
use, and the problems associated with
hazardous materials. Each of these
agencies has identified hazardous
materials as it relates to their realm of
service.

15. Definition
•OSHA and the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (NIOSH) views a hazardous
material from the standpoint of potential
hazard. They rate conditions that may
cause injury or death as they are found in
the working environment, whether they are
obvious or not.

16. Problems
•The problems encountered at a
hazardous materials incident are
many. The primary threats
involve injury to the emergency
worker and harm to the
community.
•Without emergency personnel,
the situation cannot be handled
in a safe or timely manner.
When dealing with this type of
incident, personal safety should
always be the primary concern

17. Hazardous Chemical Incident
•Methylisocyanate (MIC)
incident at Bhopal, India
•3,300 people killed
immediately; 16,000 after
ten years
•40 tons of MIC released
that covered 20 Km
2
•Over 500,000 people
suffered effects of gas
•Ground water hazard for
ten years

18. Hazardous Chemicals
Physical Hazards
•Explosives
•Compressed gases
•Flammable and
combustible liquids
•Flammable solids
•Oxidizers
•Poisons
•Radioactive
•Corrosives
Health Hazards
•Asphyxiant
•Carcinogen
•Irritant
•Corrosive
•Sensitizer
•Toxic Agent
Any chemical (solid, liquid, gas) that can cause
harm to people and their surroundings

19. Effects of Hazardous Chemicals
•Any substance that
can result in harmful
effects
–Immediate (acute)
–Delayed (minutes or
hours)
–Long Term (chronic)
–Temporary effects
–Permanent effects

20. Intensity of Effects
•Varies by
–Type of chemical
–Exposure (time X amount)
–Physical health
–Age
–Weather (wind, temperature,
rain)

21. Symptoms
•Coughing
•Constricted pupils, red teary eyes
•Bleeding or hemorrhaging
•Strong or unusual smell
•Strange behavior
•Convulsions
•Unconsciousness

22. Symptoms
•Difficulty breathing
•Blurred vision
•Runny eyes and nose
•Slurred speech, disorientation
•Skin irritation
•Nausea
•Sudden headache
•Weakness
If you experience these
symptoms, seek medical
attention immediately

23. Safety Considerations
for
Emergency
Response & Rescue

24. •Negative attitudes promote:
–Carelessness
–Recklessness
–Overconfidence
•Positive safety attitudes promote:
–Openness to new ideas
–Alertness
–Planning ahead
Safety is a Matter of Attitude

25. •Explosive
•Flammable
•Thermally unstable
•Reactive
•Poisonous
•Infectious
•Radioactive
•Corrosive
Multiple Hazard Characteristics

26. •“Always consider the possibility of
multiplehazard characteristics in
each hazard class.”
Safety Keypoint #1

27. •“Approach all hazardous material
incidents from upwind, upgrade,
and upstream, positioning vehicles
and apparatus headed away from
the incident scene.”
Safety Keypoint #2

28. •Distance Safety Factors
–100' 1
–200' 2 times
–300' 4 times
–400' 16 times
–500' 256 times
Distance is an Ally

29. •A safe haven for personnel and
equipment that allows a 3 minute
scene access from a safe distance
should the incident suddenly
escalate
Staging Area

30. •People running from the
hazardous area
Outward Warning Signs

31. Outward Warning Signs
•People running from the hazardous area
•People collapsed inside the hazardous area

32. Outward Warning Signs
•People running from the hazardous area
•People collapsed inside the hazardous area
•Evidence of fire indicated by smoke

33. Outward Warning Signs
•People running from the hazardous area
•People collapsed inside the hazardous area
•Evidence of fire indicated by smoke
•A loud roar of increasing pitch from an operating
relief valve

34. Outward Warning Signs
•People running from the hazardous area
•People collapsed inside the hazardous area
•Evidence of fire indicated by smoke
•A loud roar of increasing pitch from an operating
relief valve
•Evidence of a leak indicated by a hissing sound

35. Outward Warning Signs
•People running from the hazardous area
•People collapsed inside the hazardous area
•Evidence of fire indicated by smoke
•A loud roar of increasing pitch from an operating
relief valve
•Evidence of a leak indicated by a hissing sound
•Birds and insects falling out of the sky

36. •The Victim
–Has the presence of the person(s)
requiring rescue been confirmed visually
or by credible sources?
–How long has the person(s) been
exposed to the hazardous material?
–Is the person viable?
–Is the person(s) requiring rescue
trapped in a vehicle or by debris?
Rescue Considerations

37. Rescue Considerations
•The Product
–What are the hazards of the material
involved?
–Is a fire or explosion likely?
–How fast is the product leaking from it’s
container?
–Is the person(s) directly exposed to the
product or it’s vapors?

38. Rescue Considerations
•The Responder(s)
–Does the responder have adequate training?
–Is appropriate protective equipment
available?
–Are there sufficient personnel present to
provide back-up?
–How long must responders be exposed in
the process of attempting rescue?
–Are the proper tools available?

39. Rescue Considerations
•Physical Factors
–Must the vehicle or entrapping debris be
stabilized?
–Can the flow of product be diverted away
from victim or stopped altogether?
–Is access to the person difficult due to
steep terrain or other reasons?

40. •“In a hazardous material incident
you may have to delay attending to
the injured in order to save the
lives of many others”
Safety Keypoint #3

41. •Initial actions taken to secure the
scene will save many lives by
preventing “convergence” into the
hazardous area.
Scene Control

42. •Two or more chemicals combined
resulting in a new compound
–The resulting compound can be more
hazardous than the original substances.
Chlorine + Ammonia = Chloramine gas
Synergism

43. •First operational priority:
–Isolate the hazard area and
deny entry.
Safety Keypoint #4

44. •Establish inner perimeter first.
•Initially establish a large outer
perimeter by closing major roadways
into the area by using incoming
response units.
•Downwind perimeters should be 2-3
times larger than other perimeter
boundaries.
Establish Perimeters

45. Scene Safety
After surveying the scene:
•Set up zones
HOT
WARM
COLD
Control the scene

46. The HotZone
•Center = center of the incident/explosion
•First perimeter = location of the farthest piece
of evidence
•‘y’ = distance between the center and
perimeter
shrapnel
y
y=100 meters

47. The WarmZone
•Half the distance
•Likely place for a second device
•Distance between Hot and Warm zone
is ‘x’
X=50 meters
x

48. The ColdZone
•Where the incident command post is set up
•Choose the point which provides the most
safety
CP

49. Safe Deployment of Resources
Maintain safe distances, up wind and up hill, if possible

50. Operations for HazardousAccidents
Security
Operations &
Safety
Medical &
Triage
Wind Direction
Staging
Area
Command
Post

51. •Only those emergency personnel
in the proper protective clothing
andpositive pressure SCBA, “who
are actively performing emergency
operations” are to operate within
the inner perimeter.”
Safety Keypoint #5

52. •Must identify minimum perimeter
distances to be utilized by the
emergency responders for the
protection of both the emergency
responders and the citizens.
Emergency Response Plans

53. •Recommended minimum initial
isolation distances:
–Minor incident = 150 mtrs
–Major incident = 500 mtrs
–Explosion potential = 800 mtrs
•Isolate in all directions
Control Zones

54. •“Recommended minimum safety
perimeter for citizens = 1,000 mtrs
beyondinner perimeter boundaries
in open areas.”
Safety Keypoint #6

55. •“To avoid inhalation hazards, SCBA
must be properly worn, used and
maintained.”
–Recognize the potential for downwind
hazards to be present;
–Use personnel in the proper level of
personal protective clothing to expand
downwind perimeters to well beyond the
hazardous area.
Safety Keypoint #7

56. •“Never eat, smoke or drink at or
around hazardous material
incident scenes until you
decontaminate and wash your
hands, face, and hair thoroughly.”
Safety Keypoint #8

57. •Skin absorption occurs by:
–Direct contact of material with
exposed skin (such as splashes
and spills on unprotected skin)
–Handling of contaminated patients,
clothing, and equipment
–Penetration of protective clothing
Absorption

58. •“Consult protective clothing
compatibility data to ensure
available protective clothing is
compatible with the hazardous
material(s) involved in the
incident.”
Safety Keypoint #9

59. •Pre-employment exam
•Annual or periodic exams and
testing
•Post employment
•Post exposure treatment
•Record keeping
Medical Surveillance

60. •Date
•Time
•Incident number
•Blood gas levels (carboxyhemoglobin)
•Material involved
•Level of exposure
•Medical treatment received
Exposure Records

61. General Safety Precautions
•Isolate the hazard area and deny entry

62. General Safety Precautions
•Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
•Do not walk into or touch any spilled
material

63. General Safety Precautions
•Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
•Do not walk into or touch any spilled
material
•Avoid inhalation of all gases, fumes, and
smoke,

64. General Safety Precautions
•Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
•Do not walk into or touch any spilled
material
•Avoid inhalation of all gases, fumes, and
smoke,
•Do not assume that gases or vapors are
harmless just because you can't see or
smell them.

65. General Safety Precautions
•Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
•Do not walk into or touch any spilled
material
•Avoid inhalation of all gases, fumes, and
smoke,
•Do not assume that gases or vapors are
harmless just because you can't see or
smell them.

66. “Think of safety
with every breath
you take.”
Safety Keypoint #10

67. Primary Considerations
for Response
•Responder Safety
•Public Safety
•Scene Security
•Hazard
Assessment
•Risk Assessment
•Environmental
Concerns
•Property
Conservation

68. Establish Response Priorities
•Low
–Protecting environment,
property or equipment
•Moderate
–Attempt rescue of
person(s) with low
probability of survival
•High
–Attempt rescue of
person(s) with high
probability of survival

69. Identify Evacuation or
Relocation Procedures
•Evacuation
–Action taken rapidly in the
best interests of the public
within the threatened area
•Relocation
–Preventing re-entry into
the area when negative
impacts will persist for a
long period of time, or
permanently

70. Response Reactions
•When looking at the hazards involved
consider your responders safety and will
their effects dramatically change the
outcome of the incident
•Decision time
–“Stay and Play” (safely do the job)
–“Get Out” (the risks are too great)

71. Safe Work Practices
•Prevent direct contact with hazardous
chemicals
•Limit exposure levels and time
•Good hygiene
•Take appropriate fire prevention and control
measures

72. Safe Work Practices
•Use appropriate personal protective
equipment
•Use equipment and tools not affected by the
chemical being handled
•Prevent chemicals from mixing that cause
adverse reactions
•Use good common sense

73. Scene Safety
•Ensure that there is an evacuation
plan and an escape route
•Minimize the number of people on
the scene
•Set up the triage area
outside the event area

74. Use Emergency Response Guide
•First responders guide developed jointly by
transportation departments of Canada, United
States and Mexico
–Includes United Nations dangerous goods list
•Assist first responders in making initial decisions

75. Emergency Response Guide
•Quick identification of the specific or
generic hazards of the material(s)
involved in the incident
•Isolation and protection of first
responders and the general public

76. Emergency Response Guide
•Not a substitute for emergency response
training, knowledge or sound judgment
•Does not address all possible
circumstances
•No physical or chemical properties of
hazardous materials

77. Guidebook Contents
•White pages
–How to use the guidebook during a dangerous goods incident
–General information
•Yellow-bordered pages
–Index list of dangerous goods in numerical order of four-digit ID
number
•Blue-bordered pages
–Index list of dangerous goods in alphabetical order of material
name

78. Guidebook Contents
•Orange-bordered pages
–Contains all safety recommendations in numerical
order by 3-digit guide number
•Green-bordered pages
–Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action and a
table which lists, by ID number, Toxic by Inhalation
(TIH) materials

79. Hazmat Ipod
•Developed to address the unique needs of first
responders determining unknown hazards using
observable physical characteristics and signs
and symptoms observed in victims.
•Contains more than 91,000
chemical, biological warfare
(TICs, TIMs, CW agents),
biological agents (bio-weapon
and bioterror agents),
and improvised explosive devices

80. Single Gas Detectors
•Single-gas personal protection Monitors
for continuous readouts of Toxic gas
Concentrations
Ammonia
Carbon Monoxide
Chlorine
Chlorine Dioxide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Nitric Oxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Oxygen
Phosphine
Sulfur Dioxide

81. Multi Gas Detector
•Combines a PID and a
4-gas Monitor
•It measures oxygen,
combustibles (LEL),
carbon monoxide, and
hydrogen sulfide

82. Chemical Disaster
Management Tools
Detection Systems Are
Tools for Critical Decision
Making

83. PLAN! TRAIN!
PRACTICE!
•Preplanning is essential
•Train the way you plan to respond
•Practice varying your response

84. Evaluate
the
Risk

85. Prevent
the
Risk

86. Reduce
or
Eliminate

87. Learn
to
Survive
&
Recover

88. SUMMARY
•Identify physical and structural hazards
•Identify threats
•Ensure responder safety.
•Mark hazard areas and designate
safety zones
•Request specialized services
•Communicate & coordinate
•Use appropriate equipment

89. Any Questions

90. THE END