Emerging and reemerging infections

Emerging and reemerging infections

1. EMERGING AND RE-EMERGING DISEASES Presentation by Trisha. R

2. Emerging infectious diseases Emerging infectious diseases are those whose incidence in humans has the last two decades and is threatening to increase in near future

3. Re-emerging infectious disease Re-emerging infections disease is one which was previously controlled but again once risen to be a significant- health problem

4. Since 1970's → 40 infections diseases have been discovered SARS Ebola Adrian influenza Swine flue Zika virus Nipah virus Covid 19

5. Epidemiological Triad of diseases

6. AGENT FACTORS HOST FACTORS ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Evolution of agent [ antigenic shift and driftI Demographic changes lifestyle changes Unhygienic environment Resistance to drugs Immunosuppression Urbanisation Poverty Technology and industry Population growth climate change

7. > 2/3 rd emerging infections in humans are associated with wild and domestic animals These are called as emerging zoonoses Eg: avian influenza virus, bats: nipah virus, Ebola virus, mostomys rodent - lassa fever

8. SARS The first emerginginfections disease of the 21st century No infectious disease has spread so fast as SARS in 2003

9. Swine flu -h1n1 Caustic agent _ influenza A virus Causes respiratory illness Hint strain of the virus is produced by mixing of 2 swine, one Arian and one human strain in the pig

10. Pandemic outbreaks occur since April 2009. Cases of swine flu were reported in India with 31,156 positive cases and 1,841 deaths up to March 2015

11. AvianInfluenza-H5n1 Since 2003, avian influenza in birds affected 60 countries > 220 million birds were killed Human infections were due to direct. contact with infected bird

12. Emerging food and water borne disease Accounts for 20 million cases in the world annually Eg: E. Cool, vibrio cholera, campylobacter

13. Ebola Ebola was first discovered in 1976, near the Ebola river ' Since then outbreaks occurred sporadically in Africa Eg: 2000-2001- Uganda 2002 - 2003 - Gabon and democratic republic of the Congo 2004 - South Sudan

14. ZIKA virus WHO discovered zika virus as public health emergence of international concern in Feb 2006 In India 1st 3 cases were reported in 2007. Transmitted through aides mosquito Symptoms - fever, headache, rash, arthralgia, bloody eyes Teratogenic _ causes microcepholy, in children

15. Emerging an reemerging infections in India Bacterial infections: plague, leptospirosis, brucellosis, anthrax, cholera Viral infections: influenza, chicken gunna, dengue, Santa virus, Cchf

16. Control of emerging and reemerging infections Controlling the reservoir Interupting the transmission Protecting the susceptible host Strengthening the surveillance system Research initiations for treatment Encouraging research for new methods of control

17. Laboratory diagnosis Molecular testing - PCR highly sensitive and specific Rapid test - for flu -need to confirm with PCR Dengue - Nsi antigen - indicated for case < 5 days Antimicrobial susceptibility testing

18. Solutions Improve the international public health infrastructure Strengthen international capabilities to respond to disease outbreaks Strengthen international research efforts Encourage national governments to improve their public health care system

19. Thank you 🙏🏻