emission control systems are installed to reduce the amount of polutant

Emisi

1. Emission Control System Purpose ● The emission control systems are installed to reduce the amount of CO, HC and Nox exhausted from the engine. ● To prevent the atmospheric release of blow by gas HC and evaporated fuel containing HC being released from the tank.

2. Function of each system 1. PCV – Reduce HC 2. EVAP – Reduce evaporative HC 3. EGR – Reduce NOx 4. TWC – Reduce CO, HC, NOx

3. Type of Exhaust Emission Pollutants Carbon Monoxide (CO) ● Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and toxic gas produced as a by-product of combustion. ● A product of incomplete combustion. ● The main source of CO in our air is vehicles emission.

4. Health Effects ● CO reduce the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to body tissue including vital organs such as the heart and brain. ● It is most harmful to those who suffer from heart and respiratory disease.

5. Symptoms Associated With a Given Concentration of CO Over Time

6. Nitrogen Oxide (Nox) ● Generated when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at the high temperature and pressure in side the engine. ● Nox gases are formed everywhere where there is combustion – like in an engine. ● In areas of high motor vehicle traffic, such as in large cities, the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere as air pollution can be significant. ● No x react to form smog and acid rain . ● Fuel NO x can contribute as much as 50% of total emissions when combusting oil and as much as 80% when combusting coal.

7. Health effects ● NO x reacts with ammonia , moisture, and other compounds to form nitric acid vapor and related particles. ● Small particles can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it, causing premature death in extreme cases. ● Inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases

8. Sulfur Oxide (Sox) ● A general term for oxide of sulphur, which are emitted from motor vehicle burning fuel containing sulphur.

9. Health effects ● Emissions harm human health depends primarily on ground-level ambient concentrations, the number of people exposed and duration of exposure.

10. hydrocarbon In chemistry, a hydrocarbon is any chemical compound that consists only of the elements carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).

11. Health effect High levels of hydrocarbons in the atmosphere can reduce the amount of available oxygen. Carcinogenic (cancer causing) forms of hydrocarbons are considered hazardous air pollutants, or air toxins and can lead to the development of cancer.

12. CATALYTIC CONVERTER DESIGN

13. EGR VALVE

14. EGR VALVE

15. Basic operation of EGR valve When a strong intake manifold vacuum was pulled (the less the throttle was opened ie. You took you foot off the pedal) the EGR valve opens to let exhaust gases into the intake manifold. As more throttle is applied, vacuum drops and the EGR valve closes.

16. EGR SYSTEM

17. INSIDE CATALYTIC CONVERTER

18. Meaning of oxidation Oxidation is the loss of electrons from an atom, molecule or ion, whereas reduction is the gain of electrons.

19. PCV VALVE

20. LOCATION OF EXHAUST GAS EMISSION CONTROL COMPONENTS