Emollient and Rheological Additive.pptx

Modern emollients include petrolatum, zinc oxide, paraffin, mineral oil, glycerin, beeswax, olive oil, coconut oil, lanolin, cocoa butter, and such synthetics as butyl stearate and diglycol laurate.

1. Emollients and rheological Additive Submitted By: Prachi Pandey, Rahul Pal Submitted To: Dr. Himmat Singh Chawra M. Pharm (Pharmaceutics), II nd Sem. Subject: Molecular Pharmaceutics (Nano Tech & TDDS) Department of Pharmaceutics, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, 303121

2. Emollient Emollients are medical moisturising treatments applied directly to the skin to soothe and hydrate it. They cover the skin with a protective film to trap in moisture. Emollients are often used to help manage dry, itchy or scaly skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and ichthyosis. They help prevent patches of inflammation and flare-ups of these conditions. They help to repair the damaged natural barrier of the skin, also protect from irritation and infections and can reduce redness, swelling and itching.

3. TYPES OF EMOLLIENTS Emollients are available as: CREAMS SOAP SUBSTITUTES OINTMENTS LOTIONS BATH ADDITIVES SPRAY

4. Cream These are not particularly greasy. They are absorbed quite quickly so do not stain clothes. They are good for daytime use. Examples : Diprobase cream , Hydromol cream , Oilatum cream , Aveeno cream , Cetraben E45 cream , Doublebase . Containing antibacterial: Dermol 500 Containing urea: Calmurid Hydromol extra Examples for shower(cleansing): Dermol shower, E45 Shower

5. SOAP SUBSTITUTE Soap dries the skin and can make it itchy. Use soap substitutes for all washing. These cleanse the skin effectively BUT do not lather like soap. Many creams and ointments may be used as soap substitutes. Examples: Cetraben, Wash E45, Diprobase cream Emulsifying ointment Dermol 500 (which contains antibacterial), Hydromol ointment Epaderm.

6. OINTMENTS These are greasy and are particularly useful for very dry or itchy skin because they hydrate the skin better than creams. They do take longer to be absorbed and may make your clothes greasy. Some people prefer to use these at night. Examples: Epaderm, 50% white soft paraffin in liquid paraffin (50/50 mix) Hydromol Emulsifying ointment WARNING: Skin products containing white soft paraffin and emulsifying ointment are easily ignited with a naked flame or a cigarette.

7. LOTIONS They are good for hairy or damaged areas of skin (such as weeping eczema). They are thin and can spread easily. But they're not very moisturising. Example : Dermocalm lotion.

8. BATH ADDITIVES Bubbles (like soap) can irritate and dry skin. Emollient bath additives should be added to the bath water to help to moisturise your skin and leave a fine film on skin after bathing. TAKE CARE as they will make the bath slippery. Examples: Oilatum Balneum Diprobath, Bath E45 Hydromol Aveeno bath oil. With antimicrobials: Oilatum plus (with anti microbial) Dermol.

9. SPRAY They are good for hard-to-reach areas. They are also used for sore or infected skin that shouldn't be touched. They are quickly absorbed. Example: Emollin 50:50 spray: A spray formulation easier to apply.

10. AGENTS USED IN EMOLLIENTS A. Lanolin and its derivatives Lanolin is a nautral wax. It helps to maintain the epidermis in a normal condition. Its hydrophobic and adhesive character makes it an excellent occlusive agent and a good emollient. Lanolin derivatives are Lanolin alcohol. Modified lanolins: Liquid lanolins, Esterified lanolin alcohol Acetylated lanolin alcohol Polyoxyalkylene lanolins.

11. B. STEROLS: Cholesterol is the only sterol used. It lessen the irritating and defatting action of emollient. It helps emollient to penetrate into the epidermis and impart suppleness to skin. C. PHOSPHOLIPIDS: They are complex fat soluble substance. They act as an emollient. Example: Lecitin, excellent emulsifier, emollient as well as surfactant.

12. D. FATTY ACID Stearic acid is the only one of choice. Its helps to retain consistency of the end product. E. FATTY ACID ESTERS They leave a thin oily film on the skin which is greasy because of their oily and low viscocity characteristic. Example: Butyl stearate, isopropyl stearate, Isopropyl palmitate, polyesters (like glyceryl- monostearate). F. FATTY ALCOHOLS They produce occlusive films that help to induce hydration of skin. Example: Cetyl and stearyl alcohols.

13. SKIN REACTIONS Emollients can sometimes cause a skin reaction, such as: An overheating, burning sensation or stinging that doesn't settle after a few days of treatment - usually caused by a reaction to a certain ingredient contained in the emollient. Blocked or inflamed hair follicles (folliculitis) that may cause boils rashes on the face that can aggravate acne. If you experience any of these symptoms, talk to your doctor, nurse or pharmacist.

14. APPLICATION OF EMOLLIENTS Emollients are effective for soothing and healing dry skin due to almost any cause, including: For eczema and psoriasis. Atopic dermatitis Hypothyroidism causes dryness of skin Diabetic foot Kidney disease causing itchy skin Emollients can treat other skin conditions like skin irritations such as burns from radiation treatments and diaper rash. Emollients can help improve and control all the symptoms and heal skin whatever the cause.

15. SAFETY MEASURES Follow this general safety advice when using emollients: Keep away from fire, flames and cigarettes when using paraffin- based emollients. Dressings and clothing soaked with the ointment can be easily ignited. Use a clean spoon or spatula to remove emollients from a pot or tub. This reduces the risk of infections from contaminated pots. Take care of slipping when using emollients in a bath or shower, or on a tiled floor. Protect the floor with a non-slip mat, towel or sheet. Wearing protective gloves, wash your bath or shower after with hot water and washing up liquid, then dry with a kitchen towel. Never use more than the recommended amount of bath additive. It may cause skin irritation if the concentration is too high, particularly when used with antiseptic bath oils. Be careful of using aqueous cream. It can cause burning, stinging, itching and redness for some people, especially children with atopic eczema.

16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdNPiW4ZULk

17. RHEOLOGICAL ADDITIVES Rheology is the science of flow. Every time a lotion is poured, a cream squeezed from a tube or a lipstick applied, rheology is involved. Even when products are at rest, it plays an important part in controlling stability and suspension. Understanding a formulation's rheological needs enables to create the best possible products.

18. The rheology of a system is described in terms of its viscosity. Viscosity is the resistance to flow and defined as the force applied by the resulting rate: Viscosity = Shear stress is the force per unit area applied and shear rate is the resulting velocity gradient.  

19. Classification of Rheological additive Aqueous phase additives: Rheolux associated thikeners Hectorite Bentone hydrofillic clays Non aqueous phase additives: Bentone organophilic clays Bentone gel Thixcine R rheological additive

20. Aqueous phase additives A. Rheoluxe Associative Thickeners The Rheoluxe family of rheology modifiers are non-ionic polymeric thickeners designed specifically for the personal care market. Rheoluxe consists of urethane based and Polyether Polyol based associative thickeners with superior performance in difficult systems such as those containing high salt levels or with extremes in pH. Due to its structure, Rheoluxe is soluble in water, but associates with lipophilic materials to build viscosity.

21. Associative thickeners - mechanism of action Associative thickeners increase the viscosity of aqueous systems through a system of molecular associations and interactions. The thickeners consist of water soluble polymeric chains modified with hydrophobic caps. The hydrophobic caps of the polymer associate, that is build a structured network with other hydrophobes in the formula. This results in micelle type structures that form a network resulting in significant viscosity build.

22. HECTORITE Hectorite is a unique swelling clay offering several advantages. hectorite's special properties, compared with bentonite, are: lower iron content lighter colour higher swelling capacity greater gel strength no crystalline silica Due to its small size, platelet shape and large surface area, hectorite is able to form strong, stable viscous gels.

23. BENTONE hydrophilic Clays BENTONE MA, EW, and LT rheological additives provide thixotropy and suspension control to the aqueous phase. BENTONE MA and EW additives form gels by producing an open, 3-dimensional network of the individual clay platelets. BENTONE LT forms a similar network, but it is strengthened by the presence of a special cellulose, greatly enhancing stability and thickening characteristics.

24. Non-Aqueous-Phase Additives Surfactants can influence the rheological behaviour of hydrophilic clays. Non-ionic surfactants , if they are highly ethoxylated, can adsorb onto the clay surface. This rarely causes problems either in flow control or activity of the formulation. Anionic surfactants can act as dispersing agents and weaken the gel structure. Alternatives that eliminate or minimise any problems can normally be found. Cationic surfactants interact strongly and should be avoided. Organic and silicone-based liquids used in oil and wax-basede cosmetics, and as the non-aqueous-phase in emulsions, benefit greatly from ELEMENTIS Specialties rheological additives. Outstanding rheological properties are developed using BENTONE organoclay rheological additives in their powder form or, even better, with BENTONE GEL additives, their predispersed forms.

25. ADVANTAGES Thermostable viscosity control. Thixotropic flow. Suspension control of pigments and actives. Emulsion stabilisation. Silky skin feel.

26. OBENTONE organophilic Clays Hectorite is now reacted with special vegetable quaternary ammonium salts to produce organoclays able to thicken and gel organic liquids. The correct choice of BENTONE additive is determined largely by the polarity of the system to be thickened. BENTONE organoclays form thixotropic gels by developing hydrogen bond bridges between the edges of adjacent platelets. Additive Application Bentone ® 27 V Intermediate to high-polarity organic systems such as esters and triglycerides - for nail lacquers, skin care, antiperspirants and lip products. Bentone ® 38V Low to intermediate-polarity organic systems such as volatile silicones and mineral oil-for antiperspirants, creams, lotions, eye products and suntan products.

27. BENTONE GEL BENTONE GEL additives are optimally dispersed and activated predispersions of ELEMENTIS Specialties organoclays. Benefits include: Optimally dispersed. High-shear dispersion not necessary. No polar activation require and easy to handle and use. Can be added at any appropriate and convenient stage in manufacture. A wide range of gels made from various cosmetics oils, esters and solvents are available. The use of a BENTONE GEL enables to achieve the maximum efficiency from the organoclay without the need for careful shearing and activation. On the production scale, time is saved and the highest degree of reproducibility attained, leading to potential cost savings.

28. Thixcin R Rheological Additive For the highest degree of thixotropy in aliphatic liquids, Thixcin R additive is the product to use. In addition to its effective rheological properties, it gives water repellence, stabilises emulsions and acts as a stiffening agent in lipsticks and ointments. It can also be used as a dry binder in pressed powder systems. It is a castor oil derivative. It requires temperature-controlled activation within the range 55-60°C (130-140°F) and high-shear mixing to develop its full structure.

29. Application Stick products (lipstick and antiperspirant) Maintain homogeneity in molten and setting stages Gain improved pay-out Increase high-temperature integrity Eliminate oil migration Reduce "creasing" around lips and eyes Mascara Improve film-build Increase water-resistance Eliminate oil migration

30. Emulsions Elevate drop-point temperature of water-in-oil creams Eliminate syneresity and improve emulsion stability Enable cold-process emulsification Create novel viscosity effects UV Sunscreen Eliminate ultrafine Tio2 skin-whitening problems Enhance sun protection factor (SPF) Optimise use of sunscreen actives Reduce separation and settlement

31. Antiperspirants Aerosols: Uniform distribution of active ingredients. Soft and dry skin feel. Significant less whitening. Reduced separation and settlement.