EMOTIONS AND STRESS

“An emotion is an affective experience that. accompanies generalized inner adjustment and mental and psychologically stirred up states in an. individual and that shows itself in his overt behavior.”

1. EMOTIONS DR HARI RAM SEDAI 1 ST YEAR RESIDENT PSYCHIATRY/NMCTH

2. Contents

3. EMOTION Derived from Latin word ‘ emovere ’ which means to stir up, to agitate or to exite “Is an affective experience that accompanies generalized inner adjustment and mental & physiological stirred up states in individual and that shows itself in his overt behavior” Crows & Crow (1973)

4. Types of emotion

5. Characteristics of Emotion

6. Expression and perception of emotions Voices - Scream: Fear/excitement - Groans: Pain/sadness - Sobs: Sorrow - Tremor/break : Great sorrow - Laughter : Enjoyment Loud , high-pitched, sharp : Anger

7. Facial expressions Important nonverbal way to express emotions According to Charles Darwin (1872 ) there is innate, inborn basis for facial expression of emotions Context in which emotion occurs also gives information for judging what emotion is being expressed

8. Ekman and Friesen’s six basic emotions

9. According to Ekman et al. 1983 , different bodily response pattern may be present in different emotions, and is related to facial expression Indicates : Specific emotion can result in specific bodily changes Facial expressions are closely related to body’s internal adaptive response in emotion

10. Early development of emotion Newborns show only pleasure and distress Social smile: 2-3 months Anger: 4-6 months Stranger anxiety: 6 months Identify other’s emotion: 6 months

11. K. M. B. Bridges, (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 37

12. Neuroanatomy of emotion Brain is involved in perceptions and evaluation of situations giving rise to emotions Core parts involved: Cerebral cortex: Frontal and temporal lobe prominent role Limbic system: Mainly amygdala Brain stem

13. Right prefrontal cortex: Activation: Causes depression Lesion: Produce laughter, euphoria, tendency to make jokes.

14. Left prefrontal cortex: Activation: Lifts mood Lesion: Produces depression and uncontrollable crying

15. Limbic system Consist of limbic lobe and related subcortical nuclei Limbic lobe includes: – Cingulate gyrus – Hippocampal gyrus – Uncus Subcortical nuclei includes: – Amygdala – Septal nuclei – Hypothalamus – Anterior thalamic nuclei

16. L imbic system may be involved in some emotional experiences, but it is not the sole neural system underlying emotion Emotion result from the interplay between: – Amygdala , hypothalamus, brain stem & autonomic nervous system Directs hypothalamus to express motor and endocrine component of emotional state

17. Amygdala Mediate learned fear responses Damage : Unable to differentiate fear and anger in others voices and facial expression Preserved ability to recognize happiness, sadness, disgust

18. Physiology of emotion Autonomic Nervous System Under the control of CNS Causes bodily changes during emotion Contains nerves leading from brain to spinal cord out to smooth muscles of various organs, heart, glands, blood vessels Sympathetic and parasympathetic

19. Somatic Nervous System Part of peripheral nervous system Activates striped muscles of body: Arm, leg, breathing muscles Brings changes in breathing, muscle tension, posture seen in emotion

20. Pattern of bodily changes in emotion Emergency reaction or flight or fight response : Mediated by sympathetic and somatic nervous system Emotions of fear and anger Relaxation response : Mediated by parasympathetic nervous system Calm , meditative emotional response

21. Theories of Emotion

22. Felt emotion and bodily changes are independent events Criticism: Leaves no room for cognitive aspects of origin of emotion Cannon Bard Theory

23. Felt emotion are due to interpretation of aroused bodily changes Criticism: Sometimes emotions experienced before interpretation

24. Cognitive Appraisal Theory Felt emotion results from evaluation of information about environment situation and state of body No emotion, strong emotion or different types of emotion felt depending on appraisal Criticism: Does not explain whether we can experience an emotion without appraisal or not

25. Plutchik’s Theory Proposed descriptive theory concerned with primary emotion and way they can be mixed together 3 dimensions: Intensity, similarity and polarity or oppositeness Arranged in orderly way, strongest variety of emotion at top with progressively weakest varieties toward bottom Criticism : Fails to consider two emotions, pride and shame.

26. Plutchik’s Theories of Emotion

27. Stress “Internal state which can be caused by physical demands on the body or by environmental & social situation which are evaluated as potentially harmful, uncontrollable, or exceeding our resource for coping” Lazarus & Folkman , 1984

28. Stressor Physical, environmental & social cause of stress

29. General Adaptation Syndrome

30. 1) Alarm reaction Emergency response of the body Prompt responses of the body mediated by the sympathetic system Initial symptoms the body experiences when under stress “fight-or-flight” response

31. 2) Stage of resistance If stressor is still present then this stage begins Hormonal responses of the body are an important line of defence in resisting the effects of the stressor ( eg.ACTH axis) Cortisol allows the body to deal adaptively with stressor for longer time

32. 3) Stage of Exhaustion In this stage body’s capacity to respond to both continuous and new stressors has been seriously compromised Stressor continues beyond body’s capacity, organism exhausts resources and becomes susceptible to disease and death

33. Stress Cycle Charlesworth & Narthan,1984

34. Coping with stress Research on coping has usually found five types of coping styles ( Clarke, 2006; Skinner, et al., 2003; Folkman & Moskowitz , 2005 )

35. Conclusion

36. References Introduction to psychology 7 th edition General psychology 21 st edition,S.K M angal Fish clinical psychopathology 3 rd edition Kaplan & Sadock's comprehensive text book of psychiatry 11 th edition