Endocrine system and adolescence

8th ICSE

1. Endocrine system and Adolescence Jegatheeswari Karthik

2. Think of a question your classmates might have about Adolescence.

3. Glands Glands are important organs located throughout the body. They produce and release substances that perform certain functions. Though you have many glands throughout your body, they fall into two types : Endocrine and Exocrine.

4. Exocrine gland Exocrine glands are the glands of external secretion. Exocrine gland s Discharge their products through ducts. Salivary glands, mammary glands, sweat glands, are some of the exocrine glands .

5. Function of Exocrine Glands Depending on the exocrine gland, they can function to Regulate body temperature, Lubricate, Nurture newborns (lactation), Aid in digestion, Aid in reproduction.

6. Examples of Exocrine Glands (and Secreted Product) Lacrimal gland (Tear ducts and glands near each eye) Mammary gland (Breast milk) Eccrine sweat glands ( Perspiration or salty water release) Salivary glands (Saliva consisting of fluid with digestive enzymes) Pancreas (Pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes into the stomach ) Liver (Bile, green-brown fluid that contains salts and digestion substances)

7. Lacrimal gland

8. Mammary gland

9. Pancreatic duct

10. Liver duct

11. Endocrine gland Are ductless glands They secrete chemical substances They are called as hormones, which are poured directly into the blood Blood carries them to the target organs. They are the hormone producing glands. They are secreted in very small quantities yet they are vital.

12. Hormone Hormone is a chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland,which is directly poured into the bloodstream and acts on a target organ or cell. Important endocrine gland in humans include pineal gland , pituitary gland , pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland , parathyroid gland , hypothalamus and adrenal glands .

13. Pancreas The pancreas has two main functions: An exocrine function that helps in digestion and An endocrine function that regulates blood sugar.

14. Thyroid gland It is bilobed Situated on either side of wind pipe, just below the larynx Secretes hormone called Thyroxine Thyroxine is a Iodine containing protein It speeds up the rate of metabolic activities

15. Thyroid gland

16. Insufficient secretion of Thyroxine Hypothyroidism Causes three ailments Simple Goitre Cretinism Myxoedema Thyroid deficiencies are common in many parts of India Use of iodised salt is required for the production of thyroxine.

17. Insufficient secretion of Thyroxine Simple Goitre Caused due to The enlargement of the thyroid gland. Swelling of necks Insufficient Iodine

18. Insufficient secretion of Thyroxine Cretinism Causes abnormal development in an infant It causes both physical and mental retardation.

19. Insufficient secretion of Thyroxine Myxoedema Seen in adults General sluggishness Swelling on the face and hands.

20. Over secretion of thyroxine Hyperthyroidism Causes Increased metabolic rate Increased heart beat Weight loss General restlessness

21. Adrenal gland Caps over the kidney Each adrenal gland consists of two parts. Medulla Cortex

22. Adrenal gland

23. Adrenal gland Medulla secretes Adrenaline Also called Epinephrine or Emergency Hormone Secreted when person is under severe stress, fear or anger. This hormone prepares the body to face any situation FLIGHT FIGHT Hormone

24. Adrenal gland Working of Adrenaline It provides extra energy and strength to the body in any adverse situation. Increases the heart beat Increases the rate of respiration Rise in Blood Pressure Increase in blood supply to the muscles and release of more glucose into the blood.

25. Adrenal gland Cortex secretes many hormones. Cortisone is the main hormone Influences carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism Regulate salt and water balance in the body They adapt the body to stress. (Extreme heat, cold, infections)

26. Pancreas Situated behind the stomach Mainly it is digestive gland It has a cluster of hormone secreting cells ISLETS OF LANHERHANS Secrete two hormones Insulin Glucagon

27. Pancreas Islets of Langerhans

28. Pancreas Islets of Langerhans

29. Insulin It lowers glucose from the blood stream Converts extra glucose to glycogen which is stored in liver and muscles. Induces cell to burn extra glucose to produce heat and energy for the body. Causes the cells to convert extra glucose into fat.

30. Insufficient secretion of Insulin Causes diabetes mellitus. Sugar patients blood contains more glucose In urine also glucose will be excreted Frequent urination Feel thirsty due to loss of water through too much urination Loses weight Weak

31. Over secretion of Insulin Very rare The persons glucose level will come down Harmful Severe consequences

32. Glucagon Opposite action of Insulin Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to Glucose It raises the sugar levels in the blood.

33. Pituitary gland pea sized Located behind the brain Secretes several hormones which regulate the activity of other endocrine glands. Master gland Hormones secreted by pituitary gland Growth hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone Prolactin

34. Pituitary gland

35. Growth hormone Regulates growth in adolescent years Insufficient amount of growth hormone causes Dwarfism . Excess amount of growth hormone causes Gigantism.

36. Dwarfism

37. Gigantism

38. Thyroid stimulating hormone Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine.

39. Follicle stimulating hormone Influences the production of sperms in males and the ova or eggs in females. The pituitary gland plays an important role in the birth process. Releases hormones which cause the contraction of the muscles of the uterus during child birth.

40. Prolactin Stimulates the breasts to produce milk after child birth.

41. Gland Location Hormone Function Thyroid On either side of wind pipe, just below the larynx. Thyroxine Controls the metabolic rate Adrenal Like a cap over the kidneys Adrenaline Prepares the body for any emergency situation Pancreas Behind the stomach Insulin Glucagon Regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. Releases sugar from the liver. Pituitary Below the brain Growth hormone –GH Thyroid stimulating hormone - TSH Follicle stimulating hormone - FSH Prolactin Speeds up growth Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. Stimulates the production of sex cells Milk secretion

42. What do you wonder about tomorrow’s topic ADOLESCENCE

43. Adolescence Growth begins from day 1 New born baby has sex organs Testes of new born boy not able to make sperms Ovaries of a baby girl can’t produce eggs. But hundreds of immature eggs are present.

44. Adolescence The period of life when the body undergoes development leading to reproductive maturity is called ADOLESCENCE. Is a transitional stage of physical and mental development between childhood and adulthood. Adolescence word derived from Latin word. Adolescence means “to grow into maturity”

45. Adolescence Is a rapid development of growing towards sexual maturity. Neither a child nor an adult. 10- 19 yrs of life is considered as adolescence. 12 to 18-19 yrs of age Vary from person to person In girls, adolescence begin a year or two earlier than in boys.

46. Physical changes during adolescence Increase in height Change in body shape Change in voice Increased activity of sweat and sebaceous glands

47. Physical changes during adolescence Increase in height Bones of the arms and legs elongate. Weight of the body increases. Girls grow faster than boys. Towards the end of their adolescence both of them reach their maximum height. The rate of growth in height varies to different individuals.

48. Physical changes during adolescence Change in body shape Boys have longer bones and more muscles as compared to girls. Boys have broader shoulders and narrow hips. Girls have curvaceous body and broader hips due to enlargement of hip bones.

49. Physical changes during adolescence Change in voice Larynx or voice box begins to grow in this stage Boys develop larger voice boxes. In boys, Adam’s apple( protruding part of the throat) develop. Girls voice box is smaller in size. Girls have high pitched voice Boys have a deep hoarse voice. Hoarse voice is due to the muscles of their growing voice box. This remains for a few months and the voice become normal

50. Physical changes during adolescence Increased activity of sweat and sebaceous glands The secretion of sweat and sebaceous glands(oil glands) increases. Acne and pimples develop on the face at this time because of the increased activity of these glands in the skin.

51. Adolescence

52. Development of sexual and secondary sexual characters during adolescence The sex organs become active Testes start producing sperms Ovaries start producing eggs. This stage is called puberty. In girls it starts at the age of 12. In boys it starts at the age of 13. But it’s normal for the start of puberty to  range from 8-13 years in girls and 9-14 years in boys . Every child is different.

53. Puberty Puberty is the time when the child moves through a series of significant, natural and healthy changes. These physical, psychological and emotional changes  signal your child is moving from childhood to adolescence . Changes in puberty include: physical growth and development inside and outside children’s bodies changes to children’s sexual organs brain changes social and emotional changes .

54. Puberty It is brought out by hormones. Male sex hormones are called Androgens.{Testosterone} Female sex hormones are called oestrogens. These hormones are activated by FSH produced by pituitary gland.

55. Puberty changes in boys Voice breaks Hair starts growing on the legs, chest and face. Enlargement of testes and male reproductive organs. Sudden spurt in growth, shoulder girdle grows more than the hip girdle. Voice becomes deep and hoarse, low pitched voice

56. Shoulder girdle

57. Pelvic girdle

58. Puberty changes in Girls Breasts start developing Fat laid down in thighs. Ovaries mature, the release of egg starts. Female reproductive part grows in size. Menstruation cycle starts. Hip girdle becomes trough shaped and bigger than the shoulder girdle. No hair on chest or abdomen. High pitched voice.

59. Mood swings during adolescence The changes that occur at puberty are perfectly normal The changes in the hormones sometimes cause depression and emotional swing. You can consult with parents or counsellors in school.

60. Psychological changes in adolescence Boys and girls become too conscious and start worrying about the growth in various parts of their body. Start feeling shy and feel hesitant in sharing problems with others. Go on finding faults with themselves and develop the complex. Worried about the future. No goals, they start fearing, which develop depressions.

61. Psychological changes in adolescence It is a temporary phase. Like to remain with the peer group. Feel safe in the groups. Try to imitate what others do in the peer group. Sometimes lead to wrong company. Smoking, drinking or drug addiction. This may cause harm to them in the long run.

62. Importance of personal hygiene Maintaining personal hygiene during adolescence stage is very important to maintain their health. The following procedures should be taken care. Proper and safe food Proper life style. Cleanliness Physical exercise.

63. Importance of personal hygiene Proper and safe food It is the stage of rapid growth and development. An adolescence should take care of the diet It should be balanced diet. It should contain Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water and fibres.

64. Advised diet during adolescence Milk is good for our bones. Fruits and fresh vegetables provide proper nourishment. Prefer freshly prepared food. Cooked food, milk, butter, fish and meat are few examples of perishable food items. It should be stored properly. Avoid excessive consumption of fast foods.

65. Importance of personal hygiene Proper life style . Sleep and regular exercise are necessary for maintaining good health. Avoid long hours of continuous work. Avoid watching television or playing games on computer for long hours. Avoid consumption of alcohol, smoking and drugs.

66. Importance of personal hygiene Cleanliness Always wash your hands with soap before and after taking the meals. Clean your teeth after each meal and before going to bed. Take bath regularly. Clothes should be changed daily. Wearing tight clothes should be avoided.

67. Importance of personal hygiene Cleanliness Regular toilet habits should be adopted The feet should be washed and well protected. Hair wash should be done regularly. use of clean comb is recommended. Eyes should be washed with clean and cold water. Rubbing of eyes should be avoided. If these are not followed there is a chance of bacterial infection. Girls should take special care during the menstrual cycle.

68. Importance of personal hygiene Physical exercise. All boys and girls should Walk Exercise Play outdoor games It is important to combat the stress and strain.

69. Stress Is a state of mental or emotional strain. Is also called as tension. It is body’s way of responding to any kind of demand. Caused by both good and bad experiences. When people feel stressed, their bodies react by releasing certain hormones.

70. Stress effects Alteration in attention. Alteration in thought processes Alteration in body functions Which will lead to physiological and psychological disorders. When you are stressed, your body responds as if we are in danger. It makes hormones to speed up heart beat, Breathe faster Give a burst of energy This leads to decline in physical and mental health.

71. Management of stress Stress management is about taking charge of your lifestyle, thoughts, emotions and the way you deal with the problems. It is needed to manage anxiety and maintain overall well-being.

72. Self help approaches to prevent stress Yoga Exercise – 30- 45 minutes at least three times in a week. Proper sleep schedule Reading Thinking positively Laughing Deep breathing Meditation Time management Hobbies

73. Self help approaches to prevent stress Yoga It is a mind-body practice Includes physical poses, controlled breathing, meditation or relaxation. It help to reduce the stress by Increased flexibility Increased muscle strength and tone Improved respiration, energy and vitality. Weight reduction Improved athletic performance.

74. Self help approaches to prevent stress Meditation 15- 20 minutes everyday Eyes closed Focus on inhalation and exhalation