Endocrine-System.pptxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

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1. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Nguyễn Hữu Nhật Nam Phan Nguyễn Thảo Ngân Lê Ngọc Mỹ Ngân Lê Khang Nghi

2. Role-playing ┳━┳

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS Components & functions Laboratory test Disease and symptoms Intervention 1 3 2 4

4. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS 1

5. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS The endocrine system is comprised primarily of glands . This will secrete a wide variety of compounds. These compounds act as messengers

6. These compounds are called hormones Messages: - start dividing - synthesize a specific protein - send the message along The organs of the endocrine system are very small, and scattered around the body . COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS

7. These endocrine glands differ from the exocrine glands that produce sweat and saliva in that these ones produce hormones, which are typically released into the bloodstream. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS

8. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS pineal gland pineal gland pituitary gland and hypothalamus pituitary gland and hypothalamus thyroid and parathyroid glands thyroid and parathyroid glands thymus pancreas adrenal glands testes ovaries thymus pancreas adrenal glands placenta

9. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS - The pituitary gland is further divided into two lobes: the posterior lobe and the anterior lobe, which hangs from the hypothalamus via the infundibulum. - The anterior pituitary gland produces growth hormone (GH), prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).

10. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS ADH - increases water reabsorption oxytocin - childbirth - breastfeeding growth hormone (GH) - stimulate growth Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - stimulate thyroid gland Prolactin - stimulate milk production Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - stimulate adrenal cortex Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulate the gonads to secrete sex hormones

11. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS The pineal gland is in the diencephalon of the brain. This produces melatonin, which helps us sleep.

12. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS - The largest endocrine gland - It is shaped like a butterfly, and located in the neck, below the voice box. - It produces and secretes the thyroid hormone Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) . - The thyroid gland also produces calcitonin , which regulates calcium levels by decreasing the calcium levels in the blood.

13. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS Attached to the thyroid are four tiny glands that work together called the parathyroids . They produce parathyroid hormone , which regulates calcium levels by increasing the calcium levels in the blood.

14. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS Adrenal glands (uh-DREE-nul) These two triangular adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney . The adrenal glands have two parts, an inner adrenal medulla and an outer adrenal cortex , each of which makes a set of hormones and has a different function:

15. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS The outer part is the adrenal cortex . It makes hormones called corticosteroids (kor-tih-ko-STER-oydz) The inner part is the adrenal medulla (muh-DUH-luh). It makes catecholamines (kah-tuh-KO-luh-meenz), such as epinephrine (eh-puh-NEH-frun) and norepinephrine , also called adrenaline and noradrenaline.

16. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS The exocrine part of the pancreas secretes important digestive enzymes into the duodenum The endocrine part of the pancreas secretes two important hormones glucagon and insulin.

17. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS

18. COMPONENTS & FUNCTIONS THE TESTES THE OVARIES The gonads

19. LABORATORY TEST 2

20. Thyroid function tests Thyroid ultrasound Thyroid ultrasound is a sound wave picture of the thyroid gland taken by a hand-held instrument and translated to a 2-dimensional picture on a monitor.

21. Thyroid function tests 2. Thyroid scan This method usually uses radioactive material to create images of the thyroid gland.

22. RAIU Test (Radioactive iodine uptake test) This test will help us measure the amount of thyroid hormones which is T3, T4 and calcitonin

23. Fasting blood glucose test Normal Blood Glucose Levels: 70 to 99 mg/dL. High blood sugar: between 100 and 125 mg/dL Diabetes: 126 mg/dL or higher during at least two tests This test measures the glucose level in your bloodstream and it is a simple, safe and common way to diagnose diabetes.

24. HbA1C test Normal: Usually less than 5.7%. Prediabetes: Between 5.7% and 6.4%. Diabetes: 6.5% or more.

25. FSH test The FSH test is a blood test that measures the level of FSH present in the body and is often used to evaluate pituitary function in men and women.

26. LH test (Luteinizing Hormone test)

27. DISEASE, SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 3 Hypothalamic disease 5. Cushing syndrome & Addison’s disease 2. Hyperthyroidism 6. Diabetes mellitus 3. Hypothyroidism 7. Other The common diseases in the endocrine system

28. Hypothalamic diseases Caused by: +Physical injuries +Malnutrition + Brain surgery +Genetic Signs and symptoms: Hypercalciuria Insomnia          Polyuria Polydipsia 

29. Hypothalamic diseases Kallmann syndrome Hypopituitarism Diabetes insipidus Others : Hyperprolactinemia Prader-Willi syndrome Etc.

30. 2.Hyperthyroidism 3.Hypothyroidism Causes : Graves’ disease Inflammation of the thyroid Symptoms :Tachycardia with palpitation Sweating Proptosis Nervousness and Anxiety Nail thickening Weight loss or gain Causes : Hashimoto’s disease Symptoms :Bradycardia Cold intolerance Bulging face Nervousness and Anxiety Brittle nails Muscle pain Mimic symptoms: hair loss, fatigue and insomnia

31. 3.Cushing syndrome, Addison’s disease Cushing syndrome Addison’s disease Cause : the insufficiency or oversupply of 2 hormones : aldosterone and corticosteroids Sign and Symptoms:

32. 4. Diabetes mellitus Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Prediabetes Cause No insulin or a little amount of insulin The resistance to insulin Age, Hypertension ,High cholesterol,etc Symptoms Feeling extremely thirsty, frequent urination,nausea or blurred vision, chronic skin wound,losing weight without trying,etc Pancreas gland production : Insulin and Glucagon P/s: There is still no cure for type 2

33. 5. Other common diseases PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome) Osteoporosis Gigantism

34. INTERVENTION 4

35. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a medical treatment that boosts declining levels of estrogen and progesterone in a person approaching menopause.

36. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

37. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) Breast cancer Blood clots Stroke

38. Bolus A bolus is a discrete amount of medication, drug, or other compound administered within a specific time, generally 1-30 minutes, to raise its concentration in blood to an effective level.

39. Bolus Insulin pump. This device can be programmed to deliver doses of insulin according to varying body needs. Basal insulin is delivered continuously over 24 hours and mimics the normal secretion by the pancreas.

40. Thyroidectomy Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland

41. Thyroidectomy The thyroid gland is an important part of the endocrine system that produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development

42. Thyroidectomy Thyroid cancer Thyroid nodules Hyperthyroidism

43. Lifestyle change Get enough sleep Manage stress Exercise regularly Avoid sugars Eat a healthy diet

44. THANKS!