Endogenic and exogenic processes

Endogenic and exogenic processes

1. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

2. DEFINITION en·d o ·g e n·ic ˌ endōˈjeni k / Adj e c t iv e G E OLO G Y For m ed, located or occurring beneath the su r fa c e of the ear t h.

3. WHAT IS ENDOGENIC PROCESSES? Endog e nic Pro c es s e s are geo l ogical processe s tha t occu r beneat h th e surfac e of th e Earth. It i s associated wit h energ y originatin g in th e inte r ior o f t h e so l id earth. The groun d w e liv e o n is moving all t h e time. The Force s withi n th e eart h t h at caus e the groun d t o move a r e ca l le d ENDOGENIC FORCES.

4. HOW DOES ENDOGENIC PROCESS WORKS? W h e n th e groun d move s , Rock layer s at the surfac e o f th e eart h are broken , twiste d and shaken. Land i s des t ro y e d in m any place s and create d in othe r p laces. When th e l and is shape d b y Endogenic For c e s w e cal l t h is ENDOGENIC PROCESSES .

5. THE MAIN ENDOGENIC PROCESS T h e M ain Endog e nic Pro c es s e s are FOLDIN G & FAUL T ING o r Tectonic Mo v ements. T h e y tak e plac e mainly along th e plate bo u ndaries, whic h a re th e zones tha t are n ot stable. Endog e nic proce s se s ca u s e many m ajor landfor m feat u res.

6. FOLDING When tw o f o rces pus h towa r d s eac h othe r f r o m op p osit e sides , th e ro c k layer s wi l l ben d into fo l ds. The proces s b y whic h fo l d s a re fo r med are d u e to compression a l for c e s known as fo l ding. There a r e l a rge- sc a l e and sm a l l -sc a l e fo l ds . L a rg e - sc a l e fo l d s a re fo u nd m a inly a l on g destructiv e plate boun d aries.

7. ILLUSTRATION: FOLDING

8. FOLDING

9. FAULTING Fau l tin g is th e fr a cturin g and displacemen t o f m ore brittl e r o c k str a t a al o ng a fa u l t plan e eithe r c a u s e d by t e nsion or compression. A brea k in r oc k a l on g whic h a vertical o r ho r izontal ro c k movement ha s occ u rred is c a l l e d a fau lt. The proces s o f f or m ing a fa u l t is f a u l tin g . The lin e o f fa u l t whic h app e ars on lan d surf a c e is known as fau l t line. These line s a r e ofte n l ines o f we a kness whic h a l l ow mo l t e n r o c k t o rise u p ont o th e eart h su r fa c e when th ere is a ctiv e volc a nic activity nearby.

10. TYPES O F FAULTING There a r e thre e ty p e s o f f a u l t whic h a re c a u s e d by differen t endog e nic for c es: Norma l f a u l t ( C onverg e nce) Rev e rse fa u l t (Div e rgence) Tear f a u l t ( T r a nsf o r m ) Fau l tin g fo r ms tw o m ajor l a ndfo r ms - blo c k mo untains and rift va l ley s .

11. ILLUSTRATION OF FAULTING

12. OTHER ENDOGENIC PROCESS (SUBSEQUENT) These a re End o geni c P r oce s se s tha t a r e s u bseq u ent t o th e main on e s. Volcanis m (V o lc anic Activi ty) Me ta m o r phism Earthqua ke (Seismic Activi ty)

13. VOLCANISM V O LCANISM o r magm a tis m ( a ls o known as vo l c a nic activity o r igneous a c tivi t y) Magm a beneat h th e cr u s t is u nder very great pressure . Whe n fo l din g and fau l tin g occ u r, cr a ck s or fr a cture s whic h a re line s o f w eakness are c reated. Wh e n th e s e line s o f weaknes s dev e lo p downwa r d in th e cr u s t and reach th e magm a , th ey wil l release the pressur e in th e magma. This a l l ow s m a gm a t o rise u p a l o ng th e line s of weakn e s s and in t ru d e into th e cr u st . So m e magma may eve n reach th e earth' s su r fa c e and some d o n’t.

14. ILLUSTRATION OF VOLCANISM There are tw o t y p e s of Volcanis m : I nt r u s i v e volc a nism and E xtrusiv e vo l c a nis m.

15. RESULT OF VOLCANISM

16. METAMORPHISM Metamor phism is a n e nd o geni c proces s which occ urs whe n ther e is pressur e and hea t ap p lie d to g e ol o gi c structu r e s whic h lead s t o th e form a tio n of Metamorph ic Rocks.

17. ILLUSTRATION OF METAMORPHISM

18. RESULT OF METAMORPHISM

19. GRADING METAMOPRHIC ROCK

20. EARTHQUAKES An E a r thqu a ke o r ( S eismi c Activity) is a s u dden shaking or vibr a tion in the e arth’s cr u st. Wh e n plate s sud d enl y move pas t eac h o t her , the built-u p strain is released a l on g th e f a u l t , and the r o c k f r a c tures. An earthqua ke a l s o can b e tri g g e red b y mo l t e n r o ck moving u p into th e ch a mber o f a volc a no b e fore eruption.

21. ILLUSTRATION OF EARTHQUAKE

22. IMPORTANT DETAILS Endogeni c Pro c e s s es are Process e s tha t is forme d or o c cur r ing beneat h th e surf a c e o f th e Earth. The Mai n Endog e nic Pro c e s s es are Fol d i ng and Fa ul t i ng (or t ectoni c mo vem ents). The Su bse q u ent Endo geni c Pro c ess e s are Vol c ani s m , Me t amorp h is m , and Earthquake s . Endogeni c process e s caus e many m ajor l a ndform f e at ures. Endo geni c pro c ess e s ha v e bee n responsible fo r shaping the earth’s g e ologic struct u res and the formation of many o f th e most important mineral resources.

23. EXOGENIC PROCESSES

24. EXOGENIC PROCESSES OR DENUDATION Refers to activities or phenomena that occur on the Earth’s surface. It is considered as destructive and are responsible for degradation and sculpting the Earth’s surface.

25. TYPES OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES WEATHERING EROSION MASS WASTING SEDIMENTATION

26. WEATHERING The process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces. The physical weathering happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces.

27. FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL WEATHERING ICE WEDGING ~> H 2 O s e e ps i n r o c k , e x p a n ds, c r a c k r o c k s into s m alle r pieces. RELEASE OF PRES S U R E ~> Surface r o c k e r o d es, roc k fla k es li k e o n ion la y e r s. GR O WTH OF PLANTS ~> R o ots g r o w into crac k s a n d p u sh r oc k s a p a r t. A N IMALS ~> Bur r o w an d push a p a r t r o c k . A B R A S I ON ~> San d an d r o c k carrie d by wi n d, w a te r , i c e w e a r s a w a y s u r face r o c k w h e n r o c k s collide. Mos t com m o n in win d y a r e a s

28. The chemical weathering is the process of breaking dow n rock through chemical changes.

29. FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHEMICAL WEATHERING W A TER ~> W ater dis so l v es rock che m i cal l y . OXY G EN ~> Rock s that ha s iron in it mi x e s with ox y ge n an d rusts. CARB O N DIOXIDE ~> CO2 diss olves in ra i nwat er an d weat hers marble an d l i mest o ne. LIVING OR G ANIS M S ~> Aci d s from p l a nts and roots ch emic a l l y we ather ro c k. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollutio n reacts with clouds an d fa l l s on rock as acid ra i n.

30. EROSI O N BY W A TER EROSI O N BY GR A VITY Erosion by w a t er changes the shape of coastlin e s. W av e s constan t ly cr a sh against shores. T h ey p o u n d rocks i n to pe b b l es and reduce peb b les to sand. W ater sometimes tak e s sand a w a y from beach es . T h is moves the coastline farther i n lan d . EROSI O N BY ICE Eros i on by ice can erode the la n d. In frig i d ar e as and on some mou n taint o p s, g l acie r s move sl o w ly d o w n h i l l and ac r oss the lan d . As they move, they pick up ever y th i ng in t h eir path, from ti n y grains of sand to h u ge b o u l ders. EROSI O N BY WIND Gravity p u l ls any l o ose b i ts d o w n the side of a h i ll o r mou n tain. Gravity Erosion is better kn o w n as Mass Movem e n t. Ero s ion by w i n d carries dust, s an d , and v olcanic ash from one place to an o the r . W ind can somet i mes blow s a nd into to w ering d u n e s.

31. RESULT OF EROSION

32. W E A T H E R I N G V S . E R O S I O N ( E R O S I O N B E G I N S W I T H A P R O C E SS C A L L E D W E A T H E R I N G )

33. ADDITIONAL INFO (WEATHERING & EROSION) RE G OLI T H - Wh en weat h e r e d r oc k r emai n s i n p l a c e a n d r emai n s i n i t s pu r e s ta t e. S E DIME N T - Wh en weat h e r e d mat e rial i s r e mo v e d fro m the s i te of wea t h e rin g. MO V ING W A T E R - It is the main ag ent of ero s ion . P E OP L E - Nowa d a y s , p e o p l e b e ca me o n e of the ca u s e s o f e r o si on. WE A TH E RING AND ER O SION - W e ath er ed r o c k mat e rial will be re mo v e d fro m it s o r i g i n a l s i te and t r a n s p o rte d a wa y b y a natu r a l a g e n t .

34. It is a nat ur a l p r oces s i n wh i ch a m ate r i a l i s ca r r i ed t o the bo tt o m o f b o d i e s o f wate r a nd f o r ms t o so l i d . SEDIMEN T A TION

35. M a ss wa s ting is th e m o vem e nt of rock, soil a n d re g ol i th d o wnwar d d u e t o t h e acti o n of gr a vit y . MASS WASTING

36. FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED the MASS WASTING W A TER EART H QU A KE R a i n w at e r a d ds w e i g h t a n d acts as a lu b ric a nt to w e a th e re d mat e ri a l. It is a vi b r a ti on and a ls o a factor th a t tri g g e rs mass w asti n g. T h e l a ck of ve g et a tio n cov e r t o h o l d th e lo o se p a rticl e s. V E GE T A TION REMO V AL OV E R -ST E E P ENED SLO P E R a p i d mov e me n ts ar e comm o n l y fo u n d i n s t e e p sl o p e s w h i l e sl o w m o v e m en ts a r e f ound on g e ntl e sl o p e s.

37. CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING SLUMP A slump is a type of mass wastin g that resu l ts in the slid i ng of cohere n t rock materia l s along a curved surface SOLIFUCTION The sol i flucti o n is the slo w dow n hi l l flow of soi l .

38. CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING EARTHFLOW MUDFLOW Earthflow is a dow n slop e viscous f lo w of f in e -gra i ned materia l s that have been saturated with water and moves und e r the pull of grav i t y . Mudfl o w occurs wh e n mud travels down a slop e very quick l y .

39. CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING DEBRIS SLIDE DEBRIS FLOW A debris s l ide is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic moveme n t o f rocks, soil, and debr i s mixed with water and/or ice. A debris flow is moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity

40. CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING ROCK FLOW SOIL CREEP A Rock flow occurs when pieces of rock break loose from a steep rock face or cliff. . Soil creep is a slow, gradual movement of soil or regolith downhill over time