energy conversion - Biomass energy.ppt

biomass

1. Technology
and
Environmental Impact
of
Biomass & Biofuels
.

3. Technology
• Biomass technology today serves many markets
that were developed with fossil fuels and modestly
reduces their use

•Uses - Industrial process heat and steam, Electrical
power generation, Transportation fuels (ethanol
and biodiesel) and other products.
• Primary focus of the Biomass Program –
development of advanced technologies.

4. Bio-refinery
•A facility that integrates biomass conversion
processes and equipment to produce fuels,
power, and chemicals from biomass.
•Analogous to today's petroleum refineries

5. Liquid Fuel
Technology

6. Bio-diesel
•Made by transforming animal fat or vegetable
oil with alcohol .
•Fuel is made from rapeseed (canola) oil or
soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease.
•Directly substituted for diesel either as neat
fuel or as an oxygenate additive

7. Modified Waste Vegetable Fat
•Designed for general use in most compression
ignition engines .
• The production of MWVF can be achieved in a
continuous flow additive process.  
•It can be modified in various ways to make a
'greener' form of fuel

8. E-Diesel

•Uses additives in order to allow blending of
ethanol with diesel.
•Ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5%
•Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel
from separating at very low temperatures or
if water contamination occurs.

9. Jatropha

•Biodiesel from Jatropha
•Seeds of the Jatropha nut is
crushed and oil is extracted
•The oil is processed and
refined to form bio-diesel.

10. Gaseous fuel
Technology

11. Gasification Technology
•Gobar gas Production
•Biogas
•Synthesis gas

12. Gasification
•A process that uses heat, pressure, and steam to
convert materials directly into a gas composed
primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
•Gasification technologies rely four key engineering
factors
1. Gasification reactor atmosphere (level of oxygen or
air content).
2. Reactor design.
3. Internal and external heating.
4. Operating temperature.

13. Gasification
•Typical raw materials - coal, petroleum-based
materials, and organic materials.
•The feedstock is prepared and fed, in either dry or
slurried form, into a sealed reactor chamber called a
gasifier.
•The feedstock is subjected to high heat, pressure, and
either an oxygen-rich or oxygen-starved environment
within the gasifier.

14. Raw Materials for Gasification

15. Gasification
•Products of gasification :
* Hydrocarbon gases (also called syngas).
* Hydrocarbon liquids (oils).
* Char (carbon black and ash).
•Syngas is primarily carbon monoxide and
hydrogen (more than 85 percent by volume)
and smaller quantities of carbon dioxide and
methane

16. Gasifier Plant

17. Gasifier Plant

19. Types of Gasifiers
•Updraft Gasifier

20. Types of Gasifiers
•Downdraft Gasifier

21. Types of Gasifiers
•Twin-fire Gasifier

22. Types of Gasifiers
• Crossdraft gas producers

23. Gobar gas
•Gobar gas production is an anaerobic
process
•Fermentation is carried out in an air tight,
closed cylindrical concrete tank called a
digester

26. Solid Fuel

27. Environmental Concerns
• Air Pollution
• Soil Deterioration

28. Environmental Benefits
•Reduction of waste
• Extremely low emission of greenhouse gases compared to
fossil fuels
• Ethanol is Carbon neutral and forms a part of the carbon cycle
• Growing variety of crops increases bio-diversity

29. Socio-Economic Benefits
• Helps developing economies by promoting agrarian
communities
• Increase in jobs
• Increase in trade balance (Indian perspective) due to lesser
dependence on foreign resources

30. Thank You