Energy cycles notes

HS Biology Energy Cycle Notes

1. Energy Cycles

2. The Law of Conservation of Energy Energy CANNOT be created or destroyed, but only changes forms.

3. Biogeochemical Cycles Bio Life Geo Earth Chemical Elements, compounds, substances Cycle Series of events repeated in the same order

4. Biogeochemical Cycles Chemicals move from living things (biotic) to non-living (abiotic) things and back.

5. Important Elements Carbon 4 valence electrons Good at bonding Macromolecules

6. Important Elements Hydrogen Provides energy transfer Photosynthesis Water

7. Important Elements Nitrogen Important part of amino acid Builds proteins Nitrogen bases in DNA

8. Important Elements Oxygen Water Cellular Respiration

9. Important Elements Phosphorus Phospholipid Cell Membrane Sugar and Phosphate Backbone DNA ATP Adenosine Triphosphate

10. Water Cycle

11. Water Cycle Essential to ALL living organisms 97% of water is in oceans 2% in glaciers and polar ice caps 1% in lakes, rivers, and groundwater

12. Key Processes Evaporation of liquid water by solar energy Condensation of water vapor into clouds Precipitation Water hitting the earth Rain, snow, sleet, hail, etc. Transpiration Water evaporation through plants Surface and groundwater flow Returns water to the oceans

13. Runoff and groundwater Percolation through soil Evapotranspiration from land Precipitation over land Movement over land by wind Evaporation from the ocean Precipitation over the ocean

14. Precipitation over the ocean

15. Evaporation from the ocean

16. Movement over land by wind

17. Precipitation over land

18. Percolation through soil

19. Evapotranspiration from land

20. Runoff and groundwater

21. Runoff and groundwater Percolation through soil Evapotranspiration from land Precipitation over land Movement over land by wind Evaporation from the ocean Precipitation over the ocean

22. Evaporation Sublimation Transpiration Condensation

23. Carbon Cycle Carbon absorbs heat energy. Increase CO 2 in the atmosphere increases global temperature creating the Greenhouse Effect .

24. Biological Importance Carbon is the essential organic element that forms molecules essential to all organisms

25. Key Processes Photosynthesis by plants and phytoplankton Removes CO 2 from the atmosphere Cellular respiration by producers and consumers Adds CO 2 to the atmosphere Burning of fossil fuels and wood Adds LOTS of CO 2 to the atmosphere Fossil fuels include coal, oil, natural gas, organic soil Decomposition Adds CO 2 to atmosphere

26. CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis Consumer Decomposition Photo- synthesis Phyto -plankton Burning of fossil fuel and wood Soil Movement Cellular Respiration

27. CO 2 in Atmosphere

28. CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis Photo- synthesis Phyto -plankton

29. CO 2 in Atmosphere Consumer

30. CO 2 in Atmosphere Cellular Respiration

31. CO 2 in Atmosphere Decomposition

32. CO 2 in Atmosphere Burning of fossil fuel and wood

33. CO 2 in Atmosphere Soil Movement

34. CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis Consumer Decomposition Photo- synthesis Phyto -plankton Burning of fossil fuel and wood Soil Movement Cellular Respiration

35. Nitrogen Cycle

36. Biological Importance Nitrogen is part of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids and is often a limiting plant nutrient. 78% of the Earth’s Atmosphere

37. Nitrogen Fixation Plants cannot use nitrogen gas from the air to make organic compounds for themselves or other organisms. Nitrogen (N 2 ) must be converted to a form called nitrates (NO 3 ) by nitrogen-fixing bacteria Plants can absorb nitrates through their roots.

38. Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria Live in soil and roots of legumes Peas Beans

39. Decomposers Break down dead plants and organisms Release nitrogen in the form of ammonium ions (NH 4 + ) Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrates Some nitrates are changed back to nitrogen gas by denitrifying bacteria

40. The Role of Bacteria in the Nitrogen Cycle   Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria     Converts nitrogen (N 2 ) to nitrates (NO 3 ) so that it can be used by plants     Decomposers       Break down dead plants and organisms. Release ammonium ion (NH 4 + )   Nitrifying Bacteria     Convert ammonium (NH 4 + ) to nitrates (NO 3 ) to be used by plants.   Denitrifying Bacteria     Convert ammonium (NH 4 + ) to nitrogen (N 2 )

41. Absorption