Energy plantation

Energy plantation, Types, Species,

1. INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWA VIDYALAYA Department of forestry IGKV, Raipur SEMINAR ON ENERGY PLANTATIONS BY : Indu kale M.Sc forestry sem-2 Id . No 20200477

2. Presentation profile Abstract Introduction Agroforestry in energy production Advantages of energy plantations Types of EP Fuelwood plantation Firewood plantation Biofuel plantation Case studies High density short rotation species Advantages of HDSC Disadvantages of HDSC Choice of Species Conclusion Reference

3. ABSTRACT Energy plantations are the plantations which are raised purposefully for fuelwood, firewood and bio-fuel and plays a prominent role to fulfill the requirements of rural and semi-urban areas. It includes the contribution of fuelwood in household energy consumption and it's sources of supply estimated per capita as well as consumption of domestic energy, impact of fuelwood collection on depletion of forests resources also been examined and estimations are provided. It also provides a synoptic view of various programmes undertaken by government to meet fuelwood needs of country. The review of consumption aspects has found that traditional fuel such as fuelwood, cow dung cake, crop residue still dominates domestic energy use in rural India and accounts to about 90% of total. Agroforestry will play an important role for energy production which could be strongly recommended and to be adopted. Keywords : Fuel wood, Firewood, Bio-fuel, Agroforestry, Forests, Domestic energy

4. Energy plantations? The term energy is derived from Greek word “ energia” means activity or operation The common definition of energy is the ability or capacity to do work. Definition: Energy plantations are the plantations in which fast growing selected species of trees and woody shrubs specifically meant for providing fuel or firewood either for heating or power generation are raised An energy plantation is one that is grown purely for plant material for their fuel than for fiber content

5. India is home to more than 240 million households out of which about 100 million households are still deprived of LPG as cooking fuel and have to rely on firewood, coal, dung – cakes etc., As primary source of cooking. The percentage of population using fuelwood is higher in rural areas ( 67.3%) than only 14 % in urban and semi urban areas (NSSO, 2012) The annual fuel wood consumption by 854 million people in India is 216.4 million tonnes per year (FSI 2011). And 27% of fuel wood has been collected from government owned forests

6. Use of fuelwood is increasing day by day in India. The source of energy for domestic and commercial use in rural and semi urban areas is largely fuel wood which contributes to more than 90% of GHG emissions from forestry sector in India (Sharma, 2017). The unsustainable harvest of fuelwood is major driver of forest degradation and impacting adversely more than 30 million hectares of forests .

7. Agroforestry plays an important role in the production of fuel wood and energy biomass as woody plants and shrubs constitute the main source of fire and other sources of biomass energy Role of A groforestry in energy production: Wood fuels for direct combustion Pyrolytic conversion products Produce gas from wood or charcoal fuel wood Ethanol from fermentation of high carbohydrate fruits and other tree parts Methanol from destructive distillation

8. ADVANTAGES OF ENERGY PLANTATION: Emit little or no sulphur and less nitrogen dioxide than fossil fuel Helps in rehabilitation of degraded lands Provide rural employment growing energy crops creates a “carbon sink” which includes storing carbon underground through the tree root system Dependable & renewable source of energy along with afforestation of marginal lands & employment generation. Aesthetic value, windbreak and shelterbelts. Fodder, NTFP etc. Energy plantations are both ecologically as well as sociologically much sounder investments

9. Energy plantations include: Fuelwood plantation Firewood plantation Biofuel plantation/ energy from biomass High density short rotation forestry / silviculture energy farms

10. FUELWOOD PLANTATIONS : Definition: Wood in rough form obtained from the trunk and branches of trees to be used for fuel purposes such as cooking, heating or power generation (Devendra Pandey) Fuelwood is produced from natural forests, plantations, trees outside forests and other woody lands The value of wood as a fuel depends mainly on its combustibility, its heating power or calorific value

11. Eucalyptus woodlot Casuarina woodlot Fuelwood collection by house holds

12. Selection criteria for fuel wood species: High calorific values, high wood density and burns without smoke. Tree species should be fast growing with high photosynthetic efficiency which result in high yields. Tree species should have coppicing and pollarding ability. Higher demand To tolerate incidence of pest and diseases. Should coppice well Ability to withstand drought condition Ability to fix nitrogen Should have multiple use in nature

13. Fuelwood in five-year developmental plan As the demand of fuelwood is increasing, the planning commission of India started a rural fuelwood plantation scheme during the sixth five-year plan (1980-1985) Its thrust was to produce fuelwood in 157 chronically fuel-deficient districts of the country against about 460 districts existing at that time. The aim was to make this essential commodity available to rural people near their habitats The total cost of the scheme was INR 499 million, equivalent to US$45 million The scheme has continued since then, with modifications, as the fuelwood and fodder scheme

14. The number of fuelwood-deficient districts covered increased to 229 (out of 590 districts) in the eighth five-year plan (1992-1997) with a budget of INR 1542 million (equivalent to US$51 million). The number of districts covered under the programme has been increased to 241 in the ninth five-year plan (1997-2002). The monitoring mechanism for this programme is similar to that of the afforestation programme. A comparative analysis using the estimates of FSI ’s study conducted in 2011 (FSR 2011) shows that the fuelwood consumption in terms of per capita per year at the national level has reduced from 294.28 kg/capita/year in 2011 to 278.21 kg/capita/year in 2019 which is a reduction of 5.46 %. This is due to introduction of Ujjwala scheme by government

15. Source: FSI (ISFR 2019) VOL 1

16. CASE STUDIES Wood balance study of Andhra Pradesh: Research work conducted by institute of wood sciences and technology ( ICFRE), Bangalore The study used both primary and secondary data for estimating the consumption of wood in Andhra Pradesh The study estimated per capita consumption of fuelwood at 180 kg for rural areas and 33 kg for urban areas . In 1978/9, the national council of applied economic research (NCAER), new Delhi had estimated per capita consumption to be 179 kg for rural areas, and 115 kg by urbanites in Andhra Pradesh Source : fuelwood studies in India: myths and reality by Devendra Pandey

17. Demand and Supply of Fuelwood in Karnataka The Indian institute of management (IIM), Bangalore, undertook the study in 1986/7 at the request of Karnataka forest department, mainly to address the supply and demand balance of fuelwood in Karnataka state and also to examine the question of whether fuelwood demand can lead to deforestation . The study also made a demand forecast for future

18. Percentage contribution of various forms of fuel in the household sector in Karnataka Source : Fuelwood studies in India: Myths and Reality by Devendra Pandey Form of fuel Rural areas Urban areas Total Fuelwood i ) Logs ii)Twigs, logs &tops 80.2 5.2 75.0 49.0 42.0 7.0 70.3 16.5 53.9 Dung cake Kerosene LPG Crop residue Charcoal 1.3 12.1 5.5 0.4 0.22 1.4 25 24 --- 0.6 1.3 16.0 11.2 0.32 0.33 Total 100 100 100

19. Firewood : Definition: Firewood is any wooden material that is gathered and used as fuel. Generally firewood is not highly processed and is in some sort of recognizable log or branch form, compared to other form of wood fuel like pellets or chips. Firewood can be seasoned or unseasoned( FAO) Characteristics: High calorific value that burns without toxic fumes/sparks. It should posses other than providing fuelwood. Wider adaptability . Require little care and management. Have special characteristics i.e., Nitrogen fixing ability, rapid growth, coppicing ability etc.

20. Case studies: Firewood Consumption and Forest Degradation in Himalayan states: A Review of Research Gaps Snapshot of Indian Himalayan states: States Share of geographical area in Indian Himalayan states Share of rural households using firewood as fuel for cooking Population density to all Indian density ratio Share of area covered under forest to total land area % change in forest cover since 2013 Arunachal Pradesh 0.16 0.85 0.04 0.80 -0.11% Assam 0.03 0.81 1.05 0.35 -0.17% Himachal Pradesh 0.10 0.64 0.34 0.26 0.09% Jammu & Kashmir 0.42 0.74 0.31 0.10 1.96% Manipur 0.04 0.82 0.30 0.76 0.02%

21. States Share of geographical area in Indian Himalayan states Share of rural households using firewood as fuel for cooking Population density to all Indian density ratio Share of area covered under forest to total land area % change in forest cover since 2013 Meghalaya 0.04 0.94 0.32 0.77 -0.41% Mizoram 0.04 0.81 0.13 0.89 -1.63% Nagaland 0.03 0.92 0.37 0.78 -0.60% Sikkim 0.01 0.71 0.23 0.47 -0.03% Tripura 0.02 0.93 0.94 2.51 -0.21% Uttarakhand 0.10 0.63 0.49 0.45 -1.11% W. Bengal 0.01 0.39 2.78 5.71 0.14%

22. National Biofuel Policy The goal of the policy is to ensure the ready availability of biofuels to meet demand and proposed an indicative target of 20% blending of biofuels, both for bio-diesel and bio-ethanol, by 2017. Silent features of the policy are: Biofuels plantations are to be raised on degraded or wastelands that are not suited to agriculture to avoid conflict fuel/ food Cultivation / plantation of non-edible oil seeds to produce bio-diesel will be encouraged through a minimum support price. Research, development and demonstration will be supported to cover different aspects of feedstock production and processing of biofuels,

23. Some of the common biofuel species are: Milletia pinnata Simarouba glauca Azadirachta indica C alophyllum inophyllum Madhuca longiolia   Madhuca indica Jatropha curcus

24. Biomass production of some indigenous trees SPECIES MEAN ANNUAL YIELD CALORIFIC VALUE Acacia nilotica 22.84 4880-4950 k cal/kg Acacia tortilis 23.90 4400 k cal /kg Albizia lebbek 17.15 5200 k cal/kg Prosopis juliflora 29.62 5000-5500 k cal/kg

25. Case study: Biodiesel from Jatropha as transport fuel- a case study of UP state, India Waste land plantation with Jatropha Source : journal of scientific and industrial research Vol 66, may 2007 Sl. no Year UPSRTC diesel demand million l Private diesel transport demand million l Total diesel demand million l B20 Million l Planted area *1000 ha Availability of waste land * 1000ha Biodiesel potential million l 1 2006 26 2152 2178 453 330 --- --- 2 2008 28 2337 2365 472 344 --- --- 3 2012 33 2524 2557 508 372 1418 956 4 2016 38 2726 2764 552 404 --- --- 5 2020 43 2944 2987 596 436 --- ---

26. High Density Short Rotation Plantations Short-rotation forestry is defined as the silvicultural practice under which high-density, sustainable plantations of fast-growing tree species produce woody biomass on agricultural land or on fertile but degraded forest land. Trees are grown either as single stems or as coppice systems , with a rotation period of less than 10 years and with an annual woody production of at least 10 tonnes of dry matter or 25 m 3  per hectare.

27. Advantages of HDSC Provides a source of income to farmers Increase in soil organic matter content and soil fertility Opportunities to produce renewable biomass for local heat and power generation Supporting local economy by establishing local biomass supply chains Supporting sustainable rural development by reducing dependency upon fossil fuels

28. Dis-advantages of HDSC Large area required, implementation only in rural areas Requires high capital costs Requires expert management Might pose risks for soil and water quality

29. SUITABLE SPECIES FOR ENERGY PLANTATION FOR DIFFERENT REGIONS TROPICAL DRY REGION Acacia spp Anogeissus pendula, Albizia lebbek, Azadirachta indica, Cassia siamea, Cordia rothii Dalbergia sissoo, Emblica officinalis Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Erythrina superosa Gmelina arborea, Parkinsonia aculeate, Peltophorum ferrugineum , Pongamia pinnata, Prosopis cineraria, Prosopis juliflora, Tamarindus indica, Tamarix troupe, Tecomella undulate, Zizyphus maurtiana etc

30. Tropical humid region: Adina cordifolia, Acacia spp, Albizia procera, Azadirachta indica, Cassia siamea, Casuarina equisetifolia , Dalbergia sissoo, Dendrocalamus strictus, Ficus spp., Eucalyptus spp ., Kydia calycina , Leucaena leucocephala, Madhuca indica, Melia azadirach Morus alba, Salix tetrasperma , Syzygium cuminii , Tamarindus indica, Trewia nudiflora , Gliricidia sepium

31. Sub tropical region: Acacia catechu, Acacia melanoxylon, Acacia nilotica , Aesculus indica, Ailanthus excels Celtis australis, Grevillea robusta Michelia champaca , Populus deltoids, Populus nigra, Robinia pseudoacacia , Salix alba and Toona ciliate .

32. Temperate region: Acer spp., Aesculus indica, Alnus nepalensis , Alnus nitida, Celtis australis, Populus ciliate, Quercus semecarpifolia , Salix alba and Toona serrata

33. Shrubs for energy plantation Atlantia monophylla , Crewia latifolia, Clerodendron inerme , Dodonaea viscose, Jatropha glandulifera , Jatropha curcas , Tecoma gracilis and Ipomoea camea etc

34. Common species used in energy plantations with their respective calorific value and specific gravity Sl. No Species Specific gravity Calorific value K cal/ kg 1 Acacia auriculiformis 0.60-0.78 4800-4900 2 Acacia catechu 1.00 5142-5244 3 Acacia dealbata 0.70-0.85 3500-4000 4 Acacia leucophloea 0.78 4899-4886 5 Acacia mearnsii 0.70-0.85 3500-4000 6 Acacia nilotica 0.67-0.68 4800-4950 7 Albizia lebbek 0.55-0.64 5163-5166 8 Albizia procera 0.68 4870-4865 9 Albizia odoratissima 0.73 5131-5266 10 Alnus nepalensis 0.32-0.37 4600 11 Aegle marmelos 0.91 4600

35. 12 Anogeissus latifolia 0.94 4948 13 Anogeissus pendula 0.94 4900 14 Anthocephalus cadamba 0.94-0.53 4800 15 Artocarpus heterophyllus 0.51 5318 16 Baringtonia acutangula 0.58 5078 17 Butea monosperma 0.54 4909 18 Diospyros melanoxylon 0.79-0.87 4957-5030 19 Dodonaea viscosa 1.20-1.28 4939-5035 20 Eucalyptus tereticornis 0.70 4800 21 Gmelina arborea 0.42-0.64 4763-4800 22 Leucaena leucocephala 0.55-0.70 4200-4600 23 Madhuca longifolia 0.56 5043-5156 24 Pongamia pinnata 0.75 4600 25 Melia azedarach 0.56 5043-5176

36. 26 Prosopis chilensis 0.80-0.92 5000-5500 27 Prosopis cineraria 0.77-0.94 5000 28 Prosopis juliflora 0.70 4800 29 Sesbania grandiflora 0.55 4407 30 Shorea robusta 0.68-0.82 5095-5433 31 Terminalia alata 0.71-0.94 5047-5373 32 Terminalia arjuna 0.74-0.82 5030-5128 33 Tectona grandis 0.55-0.70 4989-5535 34 Xylia xylocarpa 0.92 4975-5044 35 Zizyphus mauritiana 0.93 4900 Source : Textbook of Agroforestry by Chundawat

37. conclusion Current production of wood fuel from plantations makes only a small contribution to energy requirement, although it is very important in some localities and countries. Plantations currently supply 5 percent of wood fuel production and wood fuel are about 15 percent of total energy used by the developing countries. Fuelwood alone accounts for about 60% of the total fuel in the rural areas. In urban areas, the consumption pattern is changing fast due to increased availability of commercial fuel (LPG, kerosene, and electricity). During 1983 -1999, the consumption of traditional fuel declined from 49% to 24% and LPG connection to households increased from 10% to 44%. Traditional plantations have been the least successful method of supplying energy to the rural households.Therefore A groforestry systems which can includes woodlots on farms or communal lands raise the production of fuel and firewood thus meeting the demands of local people and Afforestation techniques are to be encouraged

38. References Chundawat , B.S. and Gautam , S.K. 1993.Textbook of Agroforestry . CBS Publishers & Distributors, Delhi, 188P. Chauhan , R. D., Sharma, M. P., Saini , R. P. and Singal , S. K. 2007. Biodiesel from Jatropha as transport fuel- a case study of UP state, India. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 66: 394-398 Pandey, D. 2002.Fuelwood studies in India: myths and reality, Center For International Forestry Research, Indonesia.94p. Bramhachari,D. 2021. Firewood consumption and forest degradation in Himalayan states: a review of research gaps. The Energy and Resource Institute.8p. FAO, 2001 . Plantation and wood energy. Report based on the work of D.J . Mead. Forest plantation thematic papers, working paper 5 , Forest Resource D evelopment S ervice , Forest R esource Division , FAO, Rome. FSI 2019. India State of Forest Report , 2019. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. Sharma J.V 2017. Roadmap for achieving additional 2.5-3 billion tons carbon sequestration from forestry sector by 2030, The Energy and Resource Institute, TERI, New Delhi. 12p