Energy resource (Non-Renewable)

A detailed description of Non-renewable energy resources

1. ENERGY RESOURCE
(Non-Renewable)
Dr. Meenakshi Prasad
Assistant Professor
P.G. Department of Geography
Magadh University
Bodh Gaya

2. Disclaimer
The material for the presentation has been compiled from
various books and online sources & it is for general information
& educational purpose only. While the author makes an
endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct she
makes no representation of any kind about the completeness
and accuracy of the material. The information shared through
this presentation should be used for educational purposes only.

3. Content
•Introduction
•Evolution of Energy Use
•Classification Based on Renewability
•Difference between Non-renewable & Renewable source of
energy
•Non-renewable Sources of Energy

4. Introduction
•Energy may be defined as the stored capacity to
work.
•It is an essential requirement for all activities on
earth.
•It is the key to development.
•In fact, the amount of energy production &
consumption is considered to be an index of a
country’s economic development.

5. Evolution of Energy Use
•Initially human beings used the somatic energy which was
the energy that they derived from their body to do work.
This was obtained from the food they ingested and the
efficiency of their body system.
•Amount of somatic energy used by an individual is
measured in terms of Human Energy Equivalent (HEE)
•As human civilisation progressed and developed, human
beings started harnessing the energy that resided outside
their body. This was the extra-somatic energy.

6. •The first somatic source of energy discovered by humans was
fire which they used for cooking food, keeping themselves
warn and for protection against wild animals.
•Later they began to use fire to extract metals from ores and
make tools.
•With the help of tools they began to practice agriculture.
•They also tamed animals to harness their muscle power for
agricultural tasks.
•Later on humans started harnessing the energy of water and
wind, coal & petroleum.
•The mid 18
th
century witnessed the start of the Industrial
revolution which was based on the use of coal as a source of
power.

7. •The beginning of the 19
th
century saw the modern use of
petroleum as an energy resource.
•In the second half of the 20
th
century, with the evolution of
the consumeristic society, the use of electricity which was a
secondary source of energy increased.
•At present several non-traditional sources of energy like
solar, wave, tidal, geothermal, nuclear, biomass, bio gas, etc
have come into play.
•Increase in industrialisation, urbanisation, transportation &
industrial agriculture has led to a continuous increase in
energy consumption.

8. Exajoules 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
North
America 109.76 113.29 113.35 110.86 113.72 114.78 113.83 113.74 114.34 117.79 116.58
S. & Cent.
America 24.82 26.16 27.26 27.93 28.53 28.76 28.8 28.5 28.61 28.53 28.61
Europe 85.55 88.69 86.66 86.32 85.43 82.1 82.77 83.9 84.76 84.76 83.82
CIS 33.92 35.28 36.71 37.04 36.43 36.74 36.19 36.73 37.02 38.81 38.68
Middle
East 28.22 29.74 30.86 32.12 33.06 34.05 35.04 36.23 36.83 37.61 38.78
Africa 15.57 16.07 16.13 16.69 17.14 17.66 17.91 18.38 18.79 19.39 19.87
Asia
Pacific 184.99 196.8207.33 214.02 220.6225.15 228.63 233.13 240.07 249.35 257.56
World 482.82 506.02 518.31 524.98 534.91 539.25 543.17 550.6560.42 576.23 583.9
Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
(2009-2019)

9. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
EXAJULES
YEARS
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION (2009 -2019)
Asia Pacific
Africa
Middle East
CIS
Europe
S. & Cent. America
North America

11. Classification based on Renewability
Non-renewable
Resource
Coal, Petroleum, Natural
Gas, Nuclear energy
Renewable Resource
Solar, Hydel, Wind, Wave,
Tidal, Biomass, Bio-gas,
Geothermal

12. Non-renewable Energy
Resource
Renewable Energy Resource
➢The process of renewal or
replenishment of these
resources is very slow which
takes millions of years. Thus,
once such resources are
depleted they cannot be
generated at the speed which
can sustain its consumption
➢These energy resources
continuously get renewed or
replenished by natural
process and are unlimited in
supply. The are generated at
a speed which is equal to or
greater than their rate of
consumption
➢Non-environment friendly ➢Environment friendly
➢Can be exhausted completely
due to over consumption
➢Cannot be exhausted
completely

13. Non-renewable Energy
Resource
Renewable Energy
Resource
➢Have been in use since
a long time
➢These resources are
yet in their
development phase,
though wind & water
have been used since a
long time but their
modern use is a recent
phenomena in the
history of mankind
➢Widely used for
industrial and
commercial purposes
➢Primarily used for
household purposes
(hydel power is an
exception)

14. Region Petroleum
Natural
gas Coal
Nuclear
Energy
Hydro-
electricity
Other
RenewablesTotal
North America 44.78 38.07 12.41 8.59 6.03 6.70 116.58
S. & Cent. America 11.86 5.95 1.48 0.22 6.37 2.73 28.61
Europe 30.4 19.95 11.35 8.28 5.66 8.18 83.82
CIS 8.37 20.65 5.53 1.88 2.21 0.03 38.68
Middle East 17.8 20.10 0.40 0.06 0.30 0.12 38.78
Africa 8.28 5.40 4.47 0.13 1.18 0.41 19.87
Asia Pacific 71.54 31.32 122.22 5.77 15.90 10.81 257.56
Total World 193.03 141.45 157.86 24.92 37.66 28.98 583.90
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE (2019)
Source : bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

15. 33%
24%
27%
4%
7%
5%
PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE
(2019)
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Nuclear Energy
Hydroelectricity
Other Renewables
In 2019, out of the total primary energy consumption in the world about
12% came from renewable sources (hydroelectricity & other renewables)
and the remaining 88% came from non -renewable sources

16. Non-
renewable
Sources
Petroleum
Coal
Nuclear
Natural Gas

17. •Coal is a combustible rock which
had its origin in the accumulation
and partial decomposition of
vegetation. Coal is composed
primarily of carbon (60-90%),
hydrogen (1-12%), oxygen (2-20%),
nitrogen (1-3%) and slight
amounts of sulphur and phosphorus.
•With the advancement of
coalification process which begins
with plant material the proportion
of these elements progressively
varies. The carbon content steadily
increases and hydrogen, oxygen
content decreases.
Source: google images

18. Origin of Coal:
•Most coal deposits of the world are of Carboniferous period
i.e. about 300 million years old.
•More recent deposits of Tertiary period are usually composed
of lignite or brown coal and peat which represent an early
stage of coal formation and is still being formed today.
•Coal originated in swampy deltaic areas with a hot and wet
climate which encouraged luxuriant growth of plants.
•When the plants died their vegetative remains accumulated
on the swampy surface.

19. •Subsequent deposition of mud or sand sealed this vegetative
matter and prevented its total decomposition and
disappearance.
•These vegetative remains consolidated between other rock
strata were altered by the combined effect of microbial
action, pressure and heat over a considerable period and
ultimately turned into coal deposits.
•Therefore coal is also called a fossil fuel.

20. Significance of Coal:
•Coal is a primary source of energy. The credit of first world
wide use of coal in modern times can be attributed to the
beginning of industrial revolution in England in 18th
century.
•With the knowledge of immense heat potential in coal, its
wide use in many industries was encouraged. The invention
of steam locomotive for running trains by Stephenson in
1814 provided permanency to the coal mining industry.
•At present coal is used in producing thermal electricity. It is
used both as a source of power and raw material in iron and
steel industry.

21. •It is also used in the production of coal gas, tar, coke, etc.
Different types of varnish and germicides are also produced
from it.
•Because of its multi –faceted use and economic value it is
rightly termed as ‘Black Diamond’.

22. Types of Coal
•There are four types of coal on
the basis of rank ( i.e., degree
of coalification ) viz. Peat ,
Lignite , Bituminous and
Anthracite.
•These types are actually four
stages in coal formation.
Peat
Lignite
Bituminous
Anthracite

23. Source : Leong and Morgan,
Human and Economic
Geography, 2nd Edition,
Oxford University Press, New
York, p.378
Note : Graphite has been
included for comparison

24. (i) Peat –Peat is a fibrous brown substance formed by the
partly decayed organic remains in swamps and bogs. It
represents the first stage in coal formation and has a high
percentage of moisture and volatile matter. Carbon constitutes
only about one-third of its bulk and it has a low heating
capacity.
(ii) Lignite or Brown coal –Regarded as the second stage of
coal formation lignite is soft and still retains much of its
brownish woody appearance but it is more compact than peat.
However, its moisture content is over 35% and it gives more
smoke than heat.

25. (iii) Bituminous –The hard, black, compact bituminous coal makes
up almost 80% of the world’s total coal out-put. Its carbon content
varies from 40% to 80% and its moisture and volatile content varies
from 15% to 40%. It is often sub-divided into several minor divisions
such as sub-bituminous ( the poorer type ) and bituminous coals.
Bituminous coal is widely used for industrial purpose. It is also known
as coking coal.
(iv) Anthracite –This is the hardest and the best quality coal
possessing very high carbon content. It is shiny and lustrous, almost
jet black and is so completely compressed that it shows no banded
structure. It has a carbon content of almost 95% and has practically
no volatile matter. It does not ignite easily but once ignited it gives
out a great amount of heat.

26. Problems associated with the usage of coal:
➢Coal is very heavy and bulky so it is difficult and expensive to
transport it over long distances.
➢The burning of coal generates harmful gases such as carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, etc. which
pollutes the environment.
➢Burning of coal produces ash and smoke. The disposal of ash
become a problem.

27. WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF COAL RESERVES
Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

28. Region 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
North America 23.32 23.88 24.15 22.52 21.86 22.14 19.63 16.33 17.29 16.85 15.68
S. & Cent. America 2.34 2.35 2.68 2.76 2.72 2.85 2.7 2.81 2.76 2.58 2.54
Europe 9.71 9.6 9.94 9.96 9.43 8.6 7.9 7.55 7.25 7.28 6.52
CIS 7.83 8.39 8.77 9.31 9.51 9.55 9.8410.09 10.77 11.51 11.43
Middle East 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03
Africa 5.92 6.15 6.11 6.36 6.38 6.59 6.33 6.41 6.64 6.83 6.66
Asia Pacific 93.74100.44110.16112.76116.71116.29115.24110.08112.41119.98124.72
World 142.89150.82161.84 163.7166.64166.05161.68 153.3157.16165.06167.58
WORLD PRODUCTION OF COAL, 2009 -2019 (in Exajoules)
Source : bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

29. 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Exajoules
Year
COAL PRODUCTION BY REGION (2009 -19)
Asia Pacific
Africa
Middle East
CIS
Europe
S. & Cent. America
North America

30. Country
Production
(in Exajoules)
China 79.82
Indonesia 15.05
US 14.3
Australia 13.15
India 12.73
Russian Federation 9.2
South Africa 6.02
Colombia 2.37
Kazakhstan 2.08
Poland 1.87
•In 2019 the total world
production of coal was
167.58 Exajoules and
27% of the world’s total
primary consumption
was met by coal.
10 Largest Producers of Coal
in the World
Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020,
69
th
edition

31. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Production (in Exajoules)
Countries
Ten Largest Coal Producing Countries in the World (2019)

32. Coal Production in India:
•The Indian coal fields are divided into two categories, i.e.
(i)the Gondwana coal fields and (ii)Tertiary coal fields
•The Gondwana coal fields belong to the Carboniferous period
and they account for 98% of the total reserves and 99% of
the production of coal in India.
•The Gondwana coal fields are situated in the Peninsular
region and occur down in the valleys of certain rivers, viz.
the Damodar(Jharkhand-West Bengal), the Mahanadi
(Chhattisgarh-Odisha), the Son (Madhya Pradesh-Bihar),
the Godavari and Wardha (Maharashtra –AndhraPradesh-
Telangana), the Indravati, the Narmada, the Koel, the
Pench, the Kanhan, etc.

33. •The Tertiary coal fields belong to a younger age from 15-60
million years and are mainly confined to the extra-
peninsular region.
•Important areas of Tertiary coal includes parts of Assam,
Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Himalayan
foothills of Darjeeling in West Bengal, Jammu-Kashmir,
Rajasthan, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and UT of Puducherry.
•Most of the coal belonging to Gondwana coal fields are of
bituminous grade while the coal of Tertiary coal fields are of
a lower grade (lignite).

34. state
Production (in million
tonnes)
production
(in%)
1Chhattisgarh 161.893 22.2
2Odisha 144.312 19.8
3Jharkhand 134.666 18.5
4Madhya Pradesh 118.661 16.3
5Telangana 65.16 8.9
6Maharashtra 49.818 6.8
7West Bengal 33.136 4.5
8Others 21.134 3.0
Total 728.718 100.00
STATEWISE PRODUCTION OF COAL IN INDIA (2018 -19)
Source : Coal Directory of India, 2018-19

35. 22.2%
19.8%
18.50%
16.3%
8.9%
6.8%
4.50%
3.00%
STATEWISE PRODUCTION OF COAL IN INDIA
(2018-19)
Chhattisgarh
Odisha
Jharkhand
Madhya Pradesh
Telangana
Maharashtra
West Bengal
Others
Source : Coal Directory of India (2018-19)

36. •Chhattisgarh –Chhattisgarh is the largest producer of coal
in India accounting for 22.2% of the total production of the
country. Main coal fields are Korba, Tatapani, Jhilmil,
Chirmiriand Rampur.
•Odisha –Odisha is the second largest producer of coal in the
country accounting for 19.8% of the total production.
Talcher is the most important coal field of this state.
•Jharkhand –The share of this state in the national
production is 18.5% and it is the third largest coal producer
in the country. The main coal fields are Jharia, Bokaro,
Ramgarh, Karanpura, Chanderpur, Giridih, etc. Jhariais the
largest coal field in the country.

37. •Madhya Pradesh –Singrauliand Sohagpurare the main
coal fields.
•Telangana –Coal fields in the state are located in the
Godavari valley.
•Maharashtra –Most of the coal fields are found in Chanda-
Wardha valley.
•West Bengal –The most important coal field is Ranigunj
which is the oldest coal filed in the country.

38. •The word petroleum is
derived from the Latin
words ‘petra,, meaning rock
and ‘oleum’, meaning oil.
•Thus, the literal meaning of
petroleum is ‘rock oil’. It is
so called because it is
derived from the rocks,
where it flows freely in
liquid state.

39. •Technically speaking, petroleum is an inflammable mixture of
oily hydrocarbons with very complex chemical properties.
History of the Use of Petroleum:
•The use of petroleum first began where seepages occurred at
the surface.
•In ancient times the Chinese, who encountered oil in drilling
for salt in brine wells, used it as fuel to evaporate the brine.

40. •The Egyptians used it for embalming the dead before burial.
•The Bible notes that dark pitch from petroleum residues was
used on Noah’s ark to make the wooden vessel waterproof.
•It was also recorded that tar (bitumen) was employed in
cementing bricks in the construction of the Towns of
Babylon and paving the streets in Mesopotamia.
•Petroleum was also mentioned by many Greek & Roman
writers who noted its use as lamp fuel and for ointments.
•In many other parts of the world such as around the
Caspian sea, in Romania, in Myanmar and in India, oil was
often used in lighting, cooking, lubricating and for medical
purposes.

41. •But the modern commercial use of oil started only in the
19
th
century.
•It is believed that it was an American Samuel M. Kier who
first found petroleum by chance in 1848 in wells on the
banks of the Alleghany river of Pennsylvania.
•He named it as Seneca oil after the local Indians.
•The shortage of whale oil, then widely used for domestic
lighting and for oiling machinery, created a great demand
for petroleum or mineral oil.

42. •Soon, a company by the name of Seneca Oil Company was
formed for drilling the oil.
•In August, 1859 oil was struck and its production started.
•This ushered in the great ‘oil rush’ and commercial
exploitation of petroleum began on a large scale.

43. Origin & Occurrence of Petroleum:
•It is generally presumed that petroleum is derived from
organic material and so it is also called a fossil fuel.
•It is formed from the decomposition by anaerobic bacteria of
innumerable small marine plant and animal organisms
trapped in sediments as they were deposited on the sea-bed.
•Some scientists believe that when an accumulation of
sedimentary rocks in the ocean depths is compacted, the
pressure generates heat which transforms the decaying
matter into tiny droplets of petroleum.

44. •Others think that petroleum may have formed relatively
rapidly after the organisms were trapped in the sediments
and that heat and pressure were not necessary to the
process.
•Petroleum formation in the sedimentary rocks has been
going on since the beginning of appearance of life and is
continuing even today.
Source: google images

45. Advantage of Petroleum over Coal :
•Compared to coal the calorific value of petroleum is much
higher.
•Petroleum doesn’t gives out smoke and ash after burning.
•It can be easily transported over long distances through
pipelines and oil tankers.
•It has the widest range of domestic as well as industrial uses.
It is therefore, often referred to as ‘liquid gold’.

46. Use of Petroleum :
•For heating homes & hearths particularly in the cold regions
•As industrial power to drive engines and for heating furnaces
and producing thermal electricity
•As transport power for driving railways, motor cars, ships
and aeroplanes
•As lubricants of machines especially high speed machines
•As raw material in various petro-chemical industries, such as
–synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre, fertilisers, medicines, etc.

47. WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF PETROLEUM
Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

48. REGION 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
North America 13576 13975 14460 15697 17101 19004 19940 19460 20396 22929 24614
S. & Cent.
America 7387 7407 7450 7362 7397 7662 7758 7355 7161 6495 6174
Europe 4627 4277 3906 3593 3420 3444 3590 3618 3573 3532 3413
CIS 13141 13431 13496 13549 13786 13790 13918 14126 14255 14524 14614
Middle East 24866 25634 28007 28487 28202 28499 30021 31819 31512 31848 30329
Africa 9923 10227 8520 9270 8607 8216 8129 7653 8109 8308 8399
Asia Pacific 8057 8458 8318 8407 8281 8295 8377 8043 7792 7617 7650
Total World 81578 83409 84157 86366 86794 88910 91733 92072 92798 95254 95192
WORLD PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM ,2009 -2019
(In thousand Barrels per Day)
Source : bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

49. 0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Production (in barrels)
Years
PETROLEUM PRODUCTION BY REGION (2009 -2019)
Asia Pacific
Africa
Middle East
CIS
Europe
S. & Cent. America
North America

50. Country
Production
(in thousand
barrels/Day)
% of
World
Total
US 17045 17.91
Saudi Arabia 11832 12.43
Russian
Federation 11540 12.12
Canada 5651 5.94
Iraq 4779 5.02
United Arab
Emirates 3998 4.19
China 3836 4.03
Iran 3535 3.71
Kuwait 2996 3.15
Brazil 2877 3.02
WORLD 95192 100.00
TOP TEN PETROLEUM PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE
WORLD (2019)
•In 2019, the total
world production of
petroleum was
95192 thousand
barrels per day and
about 33% of the
total primary
energy consumption
of the world was
met by petroleum.
Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

51. Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

52. 14%
7%
25%
8%
28%
7%
11%
PETROLEUM CONSUMPTION BY PRODUCT GROUP
(2019)
(in thousand Barrels Daily)
Ethane &LPG
Naptha
Gasoline
Jet / Kerosene
Diesel / Gasoil
Fuel oil
Others
Source: calculated from bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

53. Petroleum Production in India:
•The position of India is quite dismal as far as production of
petroleum is concerned. In 2019, India ranked 23
rd
in the
list of petroleum producing countries in the world.
•First exploration for petroleum was undertaken in 1866 in
Upper Assam.
•Oil was discovered in 1890 in Digboiarea.
•Assam was the only producer of petroleum in India till
1959.
•In 1958 the Khambhat oil fields was discovered and the first
well (Vasundhara) was drilled in Ankaleshwarin 1960.

54. •At present, commercial exploitation of petroleum is carried
out in four regions :
(i)The North-east region extending over the Upper Assam
Valley, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland
(ii)Gujarat region extending over the Khambhat basin and
Gujarat plain
(iii)the Mumbai High off-shore region &
(iv)the East coastal region encompassing the Kaveri and
Krishna-Godavari basins.

55. (i) North-Eastern Region
The well known oil fields of this region are Digboi, Naharkatiya,
Moran, Rudrasagar, Galekiand Hugrijan. Digboiis the oldest
oil field in India. In Tirapdistrict of Arunachal Pradesh there is
Nigruoil filed. In the nearby Nagaland, oil filedsare at
Borholla, close to Nagaland-Assam border.
(ii) Gujarat Region
Important oil fields of this region are Ankleshwar, Kalol,
Nawagam, Kosamba, Kathana, Barkol, Mehsana, Sanand&
Lunej. Oil has also been found on the Aliabetisland situated 45
km west of Bhavnagar in Saurashtra.

56. (iii) Mumbai High
It is an off-shore oil field located in the Arabian sea 176 km
North-west of Mumbai. At present it is the most important oil
field in the country. The oil & natural gas is brought to Uran
on the mainland through sub-marine pipelines. Another oil
field Bassein has been discovered south of Mumbai High.
(iv) East-coastal Region
It extends over the Kaveri & Krishna-Godavari basins. In the
off-shore area of the Kaveri basin important oil fields are
Narimanamand Kovilappal.
•Petroleum has also been found in Jaisalmer district of
Rajasthan.

57. STATE-WISE CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION
(IN THOUSAND METRIC TONNES)
Source: Indian Petroleum & Natural Gas Statistics, 2017-18

58. •Natural gas is a mixture of
gaseous hydrocarbons, of
which methane alone may
take up 80 to 90%.
•The other gases include
ethane, propane & butane.
•Traces of non-hydrocarbon
gases may also occur in it
including helium, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulphide.
NATURAL GAS
Source: google images

59. •Natural gas may occur in association with petroleum, in the
uppermost part of an oil trap or it may occur alone.
•The larger natural gas are often not associated with
petroleum.
Origin of Natural Gas:
•The natural gas originates with the same process as
petroleum.
•The tiny marine organisms which get trapped between
layers of sediments get decomposed by anaerobic bacteria
and give out gas in the process which accumulates as natural
gas.

60. Use of Natural Gas :
•It is widely used as fuel in industries and domestic cooking.
•Petro-chemical industries use natural gas as fuel & raw
material.
•Chemical industries such as artificial rubber, plastics,
fertilisers, ink, carbon, etc. use it as raw material.
•Sometimes it is also used for artificial lighting.

61. Advantage of Natural Gas:
•It has the highest calorific value amongst the fossil fuels.
•Can easily be transported or distributed to long distances
through pipelines.
•Doesn’t leaves any residue after burning.

62. NATURAL GAS
Source : bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

63. Region 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
North America 765.2 775.9 820.5 850.3 860.1 915 949 942.8 9601050.1 1128
S. & Cent. America 152.3 160.4 164.1 170.6 173.8 176 178 177.9 181.4 176.2 173.6
Europe 303.7 310.4 284.8 287.5 280 266.6 261 259.9 262.8 251.2 235.9
CIS 663.2 732.7 766.2 754.3 768.5 751.4 745 747.2 789.1 831.1 846.5
Middle East 413.8 474.6 520 545.5 562.9 582.7 600.2 623.9 646.5 680.7 695.3
Africa 192.1 202.3 201.7 206.8 198.3 198.7 204 205.9 224.2 236.2 237.9
Asia Pacific 444.6 489.8 494.7 504 514.2 535.5 563.5 582.8 608.5 632 672.1
World 2934.93146.23251.93318.93357.83425.93500.63540.43672.53857.53989.3
WORLD PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS (2009 -2019)
(in billion cubic meter)
Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

64. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Production (in billion cubic meters)
Years
NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY REGION (2009 -19)
Asia Pacific
Africa
Middle East
CIS
Europe
S. & Cent. America
North America
Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

65. 28%
4%
6%
21%
18%
6%
17%
WORLD PRODUCTION OF NATURAL GAS (2019)
North America
S. & Cent. America
Europe
CIS
Middle East
Africa
Asia Pacific
•In 2019, the total
production of natural
gas in the world was
3989.3 billion cubic
meters and about
24% of the total
primary energy
consumption of the
world was met by
natural gas.

66. Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

67. Country
Production (in billion
cubic meters)
% of World's Total
Production
1 US 920.9 23.08
2 Russian Federation 679 17.02
3 Iran 244.2 6.12
4 Qatar 178.1 4.46
5 China 177.6 4.45
6 Canada 173.1 4.34
7 Australia 153.5 3.85
8 Norway 114.4 2.87
9 Saudi Arabia 113.6 2.85
10 Algeria 86.2 2.16
World 3989.3 100.00
TEN LARGEST NATURAL GAS PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE
WORLD (2019)
Source: bp Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
edition

68. Natural Gas Production in India:
•The production of natural gas in India is at a dismal state. In
2019 the country ranked 31
st
in the production of natural
gas in the world.
•Natural gas is being obtained from Cauverioff-shore, Nada
in Cambay basin and Tanotin Jaisalmer district in
Rajasthan.
•Oil/gas structures have also been discovered in
Adiyakkamangalam in Tamil Nadu, Andadain Gujarat,
Khovaghatin Assam, Lingalin Andhra Pradesh, Mumbai
off-shore & Kuchchhoff-shore.

69. •Discovery of huge reserves of natural gas by Reliance Industries
ltd. In Krishna-Godavari basin off, the coast of Andhra Pradesh is
significant.
•Natural gas production in 2016-17, up to December 2016 was
about 23.884 Billion Cubic Metre. Out of this about 78% was
done by ONGC & OIL and the remaining 22% production was
done by Private / JV companies.
•The share of off-shore natural gas production was about 69.3% in
2016-17. The remaining production came from ten states, viz.
Assam (9.8%), Gujarat (4.8%), Tripura (4.4%), Rajasthan (4.1%),
Tamil Nadu (3.0%), Andhra Pradesh (2.7%), Arunachal Pradesh
(0.1%), Jharkhand (0.01%), Jharkhand (0.01%), Madhya Pradesh
(0.02%) & West Bengal (1.7%).
Source: Annual Report of Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, 2016 -17

70. •Nuclear energy is the
energy obtained by altering
the structure of atoms.
•When such an alteration is
made, a large amount of
energy is released in the
form of heat and this is
used to generate electric
power.
•There are two processes
through which the atomic
structure can be altered –
(i)Nuclear Fission &
(ii)Nuclear Fusion

71. •Nuclear Fission –In this case the nucleus of an atom of a
heavy element such as uranium is split in two to release
energy. This process is used in the atomic bomb and in
nuclear power stations.
Source: google images

72. •Nuclear Fusion –In this process the nuclei of two light atoms
such as those of hydrogen, are fused together to form a new
composite nucleus, at the same time releasing energy. The
sun emits light & energy through nuclear fusion. Fusion is
used in the hydrogen bomb, but the reaction is not yet
sufficiently susceptible to human control for it to be used
safely in power stations.
Source : google images

73. Process of Nuclear Power Generation:
•Nuclear fission takes place in a nuclear reactor which consists
of a heat-producing core and a cooling system.
•Within the core, atoms of the fuel usually uranium, enriched
uranium or plutonium are split.
•To spilt the atomic nuclei for nuclear fission neutrons are
bombarded into uranium.
•As neutrons bombard the atoms and split their nuclei, they
split off more neutrons which further bombard other nuclei,
thus, creating a chain reaction.

74. •Fission takes place at a very high temperatures and the
reactor is surrounded by a cooling system through which
water or gases such as carbon dioxide circulates.
•The heat released by the reactor is used to generate steam
and the steam is used to generate electricity.

75. Advantages of Nuclear Energy:
•It is considered to be a clean energy resource as its
generation and use do not emit any carbon dioxide or other
green house gases.
•The amount of fuel required in a nuclear power plant is
much smaller compared to other type of fuel based power
plants. It is estimated that the amount of energy released in
a nuclear fission reaction is ten million times greater than
the amount released in burnina fossil fuel atom (eg-oil &
gas). Thus, these plants have very low fuel costs.
•These power stations have a very long life.

76. Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy :
•Waste is radioactive and its safe disposal is difficult and
expensive
•Local thermal pollution may be caused from waste water.
•Large scale accidents can be catastrophic, for example –the
Chernobyl accident
•Cost of building and safely decommissioning a nuclear pplant
is very high.
•Requires a high level of technical & scientific knowledge
which is not easily available in developing countries.

77. Production of Nuclear Energy:
•In 2018, nuclear plants supplied 2563 TWhof electricity.
•Twelve countries in 2018 produced at least one-quarter of their
electricity from nuclear.
•France gets around three-quarters of its electricity from nuclear
energy, Hungary, Slovakia and Ukraine get more than half from
nuclear, whilst Belgium, Sweden, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Switzerland,
Finland and Czech Republic get one-third or more.
•South Korea normally gets more than 30% of its electricity from
nuclear, while in the USA, UK, Spain, Romania and Russia about one -
fifth of electricity is from nuclear.
•Japan is used to relying on nuclear power for more than one-quarter
of its electricity and is expected to return to somewhere near that
level.
Source: World Nuclear Association

78. https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx
In 2019, about 4% of the total
primary energy consumption in
the world was provided by
nuclear energy

79. Nuclear Energy Scenario in India:
•Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Trombayat Mumbai in
Maharashtra is one of the major centres of research and
development of nuclear power in India.
•There are 6 Atomic Power Plants in the country –
(i)Tarapurnear Mumbai in Maharashtra
(ii) Rawatbhatanear Kota in Rajasthan
(iii)Kalpakkamin Tamil Nadu
(iv) Narorain Uttar Pradesh
(v) Kaigain Karnataka
(vi) Kakaraparain Gujarat

80. Atomic Fuel Producing Centres:
•Uranium ore occurs in Jadugudain Jharkhand. Uranium
corporation of India is responsible for its mining. This natural
ore is processed and enriched at Nuclear Fuel Complex in
Andhra Pradesh.
•Heavy water required as coolant and moderator is produced
at –Kota in Rajasthan, Baroda in Gujarat, Nangal in
Punjab & Tuticorin in Kerala
•India still has to go a long way as far as nuclear energy is
concerned.

81. References:
•Leong, G.C. & Morgan, G.C (1997). Human and Economic Geography.
2
nd
edition. Oxford University Press. Hong Kong
•https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-
future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx
•Statistical Review of World Energy, 2020, 69
th
Edition
•Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Annual Report, 2016 -17
•Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics, 2015-16
•Gatam, Alka (2017). Geography or Resources:Exploitation, Conservation
and Management. 2
nd
edition. Sharda PustakBhawan. Allahabad
•Khullar, D.R (2012). Geography of India. KalyanaiPublishers. New Delhi