Engineering Solutions for Preserving Traditional Medicine Knowledge (www.kiu.ac.ug)

Traditional medicine (TM) remains a critical health resource for over 75% of the global population,
particularly in developing regions where biomedical care is limited. Rich in cultural, spiritual, and
environmental knowledge, TM faces extinction due to modernization, environmental degradation, and
generational disinterest. Engineering approaches offer powerful solutions for preserving, documenting,
and integrating TM knowledge into contemporary healthcare systems. This paper examines digital
archiving, artificial intelligence, ethnobotanical databases, and community-engaged design to protect and
modernize TM practices. It highlights case studies of successful preservation efforts and outlines ethical,
legal, and technological considerations involved in the process. The role of stakeholders, including
traditional health practitioners, policymakers, and engineers, is critically examined. By leveraging digital
tools, database design, and community-driven platforms, engineering can facilitate the conservation and
responsible sharing of traditional medicine knowledge, ensuring its relevance and accessibility for future
generations.

1. EEJOURNALS OPEN ACCESS
34







Engineering Solutions for Preserving Traditional
Medicine Knowledge

Nambi Namusisi H.
School of Natural and Applied Sciences Kampala International University Uganda
ABSTRACT
Traditional medicine (TM) remains a critical health resource for over 75% of the global population,
particularly in developing regions where biomedical care is limited. Rich in cultural, spiritual, and
environmental knowledge, TM faces extinction due to modernization, environmental degradation, and
generational disinterest. Engineering approaches offer powerful solutions for preserving, documenting,
and integrating TM knowledge into contemporary healthcare systems. This paper examines digital
archiving, artificial intelligence, ethnobotanical databases, and community-engaged design to protect and
modernize TM practices. It highlights case studies of successful preservation efforts and outlines ethical,
legal, and technological considerations involved in the process. The role of stakeholders, including
traditional health practitioners, policymakers, and engineers, is critically examined. By leveraging digital
tools, database design, and community-driven platforms, engineering can facilitate the conservation and
responsible sharing of traditional medicine knowledge, ensuring its relevance and accessibility for future
generations.
Keywords: Traditional Medicine (TM), Indigenous Knowledge, Engineering Solutions, Digital
Archiving, Ethnobotany, Artificial Intelligence, Biocultural Conservation, Intellectual Property,
Knowledge Preservation, Healthcare Integration.
INTRODUCTION
It has been estimated that 75-80% of the world’s population uses traditional and herbal medicines. For
many of these people, the use of TM (Traditional Medicine) is far more than merely being effective
holistic treatment of disease or a mere collection of herbal folk remedies. For the vast majority of the
world’s population, TM is a living practice, embedded and validated with their own diverse cosmologies,
languages, cultures, institutions and practices. For thousands of years, humankind has relied on the plant,
animal and mineral resources of the environment for the prevention and treatment of disease. It is only in
the last hundred and fifty years or so that Allopathy, the mode of medical practice using synthetic
compounds, has developed as a medical science. A number of studies have proved that the traditional
knowledge systems of medicine have considerable similarities among different knowledge systems as well.
The inevitable outcome of this was the acceptance of traditional medical systems in some parts of the
globe. In India, the indigenous medical knowledge systems have assimilated many ideas and practices
from each other. They either exist in codified or uncodified forms, often influencing each other. However,
both the codified and uncodified medical knowledge systems exist as a treasure trove of knowledge
amongst Indian people. Kerala, the land of Ayurveda, is perhaps the best example. Here, both indigenous
folk systems of medicine and such formally practiced modern medical systems have co-existed in a single
geographic area. Traditionally, in the context of Kerala, the local folk medicines and the formal systems of
modern practice have interacted closely. Even now, rural folk practice health promoting traditional
knowledge, which on the one hand keeps the people self-reliant as far as the health of the household is
concerned and on the other hand is ecological preservation by way of conserving a number of important
species of plants which have medicinal uses [1, 2].
EURASIAN EXPERIMENT JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING
(EEJE) ISSN: 2992-409X
@EEJE PUBLICATIONS Volume 5 Issue 1 2025

2. EEJOURNALS OPEN ACCESS
35

Importance of Traditional Medicine
Today, in Africa and the developing world, a significant portion of health care is provided by traditional
medicine (TM) practitioners, representing diverse cultures, beliefs, and historical contexts. TM
encompasses a wide range of practices unique to each culture but often shares elements with others. This
body of knowledge addresses disease causes, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatments. While TM practices
vary greatly, they may be distilled into fewer basic treatment categories that align with cultural beliefs
and social structures. Most TM methods stem from ancient knowledge, often linked to myths and
transmitted orally, retaining valuable insights about medicinal substances. The global status of TM
varies, with modern medicine and the pharmaceutical industry increasingly interested in its practices for
financial gain. Simultaneously, there's a growing demand for accessible health care in rural, impoverished
regions of the developing world. The interplay between Western biomedicine and TM raises significant
issues that require careful exploration. It's essential to study and define TM knowledge and practices,
ensuring their preservation and appropriate integration with modern health care systems. The interface
between TM and biomedicine invites cross-disciplinary interest, prompting examinations of the
effectiveness and validity of TM therapies. Urgent action is needed to document and safeguard TM
knowledge at risk of being forgotten [3, 4].
Challenges in Preservation
Traditional medicine in Ghana has been orally passed through generations, facing challenges in
preservation. A literature review identified threats categorized as environmental, socio-cultural,
modernization, legal, and ethical. Key issues include habitat loss due to logging, farming, urbanization,
and infrastructure, alongside overharvesting and unsustainable practices threatening medicinal plants.
Globally, traditional medicine relies on about 30,000 plant species; only around 2,000 are traded, with
Ghana listing 67 species. Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with these practices is also under threat,
as many non-indigenous practitioners compete with indigenous healers. Approximately 2 billion people
use traditional or alternative medicine, particularly in developing nations like Ghana. In conflict-affected
regions, traditional medicine has been crucial in combating diseases like malaria in the absence of modern
healthcare. However, modernization is encroaching upon traditional practices, with calls for preservation
and ethno-botanical studies gaining traction only after significant erosion of knowledge. TK is typically
passed down orally through mentorship, highlighting the urgent need for documentation as older
traditional healers retire and younger generations lose interest [5, 6].
Role of Technology in Preservation
Traditional medicine knowledge is crucial for protecting indigenous biodiversity. Indigenous
communities possess extensive understanding of medicinal plants and their applications. Documenting
this knowledge is vital for informing decision-makers, conservationists, researchers, and the public about
the importance of these plants. Traditional knowledge helps outline the exploitation status of medicinal
plants, their socioeconomic significance, and cultural importance. Increased awareness regarding
medicinal plants can reduce their extinction risks. European settlers adopted indigenous medicinal plants
for various uses, passing this knowledge down through generations. Cultural sources often resonate more
than scientific data. Historically, societies have relied on medicinal plants to treat various ailments, with
many plants being economically important for healthcare. The rise of pharmaceutical industries has made
local communities view these plants as vital for their livelihoods. However, environmental threats such as
soil erosion, deforestation, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and invasive species jeopardize these
plants, putting them at risk of local extinction. Furthermore, the difficulty in accessing traditional
knowledge exacerbates conservation challenges. Growing interest in traditional medicinal plants has
drawn attention to their conservation and sustainable use. Local communities are deeply concerned about
these plants for disease treatment, highlighting the need to document and study this knowledge for
sustainable management [7, 8].
Digital Archiving Techniques
The digital archive is essential for preserving and recalling traditional medicine ethnobiology knowledge,
particularly about medicinal plants, fungi, and animals. It is a systematic collection of digital materials,
including data, metadata, and related documentation, which organizes and promotes access to these
resources. Preservation involves safeguarding digital materials against decay and obsolescence, using
backup and migration systems. Digital tools provide support for automatic, server-based data storage.
The advantages of digital archives over traditional methods include greater analytical capabilities, easier
access, and extended longevity. They integrate various functionalities to restore and preserve traditional
medicine knowledge. The primary goal is the long-term preservation of data for future accessibility and
usability, with the choice of physical storage determined by hardware and software capabilities and

3. EEJOURNALS OPEN ACCESS
36

associated costs. Hardware must ensure accessibility for years, while software must secure appropriate
archival formats and metadata for effective in-house systems. Policies regarding intellectual property
rights and ownership govern digital archives, protecting organizations and clients. They assist
organizations in identifying user needs and selecting the best records, informing strategies for developing
digital collections and partnerships [9, 10].
Case Studies of Successful Preservation
Research on traditional medicine largely focuses on its knowledge and usage, with some civil society
organizations' impacts highlighted. The case studies, while detailed and rich, often lack clarity, presenting
issues in articulation. Some publications feature thorough studies on public perceptions of traditional
medicine, which is urgently needed in India. Others describe organizations' activities in preserving and
promoting traditional knowledge, typically offering broader themes with limited quantitative insights.
Both domestic and international efforts to safeguard traditional medicine are recognized, with research by
scholars dominating the case studies. These studies include valuable data on medicinal plants and public
perceptions, though clarity issues often arise. Many case studies come from civil society organizations
engaged in various projects, ranging from training healers to translating botanical knowledge into local
languages. Notable efforts to promote traditional medicine are documented, along with a significant
herbal medicine project. Given that traditional medicine relies on oral transmission, the risk of losing this
knowledge with older generations highlights the need for ongoing documentation to prevent its
extinction. The report from an international seminar on herbal medicine emphasized preserving
indigenous restorative knowledge. A gene bank for endangered medicinal plants has also been established
in Chinnambedu, underscoring the importance of these preservation initiatives [11, 12].
Community Involvement
The preservation of traditional medicine knowledge requires collaboration among traditional medicine
practitioners, knowledge custodians, and community members. Traditional health practitioners (THPs)
are key in this effort, skillfully passing down knowledge to family. They seek to create educational
manuals, document practices through recordings, and engage the community in caring for medicinal
plants. THPs emphasize the need for workshops and notices to educate the community on the importance
and proper use of traditional medicine. Engaging custodians of traditional knowledge fosters a sense of
ownership and ethical stewardship. However, entrusting their intellectual property to intergovernmental
organizations can diminish this sense of ownership and hinder preservation efforts. That said, custodians
benefit from protection against misuse of their intellectual property, ensuring access to sacred sites for
cultural practices. The motivation to conserve biodiversity by custodians often stems from altruism, based
on the idea that preserving biodiversity benefits humanity. Given that traditional medicine knowledge is
ingrained in community practices, custodians are essential to preserving and protecting it. Prioritizing
the custodians’ role ensures the preservation of traditional medicine in its fullest context, involving all
stakeholders for immediate action [13, 14].
Ethical Considerations
The preservation of traditional medicine knowledge and practices has both practical and ethical
ramifications. Designing traditional knowledge (TK) databases is valuable from an ethnopharmacological
perspective, as they directly assist primary research. However, the design and usability of such sites for
global public health, management of intellectual property, and the avoidance of biopiracy are ethical
considerations that warrant more investigation. By dealing with TK databases, an initial understanding of
some of these ethical considerations for the application of the database to ethnomedicinal research is
proposed. Ultimately, engineering solutions used to create ethnobotanical databases have implications far
beyond the preservation of TK. For research that utilizes such ethnobotanical databases, there are even
larger ramifications, as the database helps to manage intellectual property rights and gain community
trust, while increasing the efficacy and relevance of traditional medicine in health care.
Ethnopharmacologists can collaborate with local health care providers to ensure the local implementation
of ethnopharmacological research findings. Non-Indigenous governments, NGOs, and health professions
have an obligation of care to assist Indigenous health care systems to prevent ill health. Indigenous
ownership of TK must first be secured and mechanisms developed to ensure any benefits accrue to the TK
holders. The design of ethical solutions and governance systems for the protection of TK will not only
preserve ethnobiological diversity but also enhance the quality of health care and quality of life for all
stakeholders [15, 16].
Future Directions in Engineering Solutions
While there has been preliminary reporting on TM knowledge in some countries, this initial work must
be underpinned by engineering approaches capable of covering these topics on a larger scale with a focus

4. EEJOURNALS OPEN ACCESS
37

on designing systems to capture the requirements and knowledge of TM practitioners. These systems can
then be used to relate TM prescriptions to therapeutic principles in systems such as TCM, Ayurveda, and
others. Efforts to take TM prescriptions and categorization as biological systems and relate them to
cellular and molecular mechanisms should also continue. Most importantly, a thoughtful exploration of
AI approaches to simulate the diagnosis process and TCM pathway- and goal-directed searching of the
TM literature is needed. There are a number of relevant efforts, particularly the deep learning approaches
in which they take the TM prescription as inputs and machine-learn deep networks that simulate the
pathway from herbal targets and cellular and molecular mechanisms to therapeutic outcomes. However,
there has not been enough effort regarding system-biology-based explanation of TM knowledge and
prescriptions. In the TCM literature, there is enough knowledge containing explanations of TM
knowledge and prescriptions captured by illustrative graphs. The explanations not only reveal knowledge
on herbal and medicinal species but also on treatment processes with an emphasis on goal-directed usage
of multiple prescriptions called “Zheng-Lun” in Chinese, which is the ultimate wisdom in TCM that
retains its effectiveness over thousands of years but remains challenging and elusive regarding its general
understanding. These systems of TM knowledge and herbal prescriptions are richly multi-modal with
diverse contents including text, figures, voice. Their complexity presents challenges for computer
algorithms to fully exploit and understand the TM knowledge and prescriptions, and convert them into
machine-assimilable rules for the construction of systematic databases. To develop knowledge-based
databases and HM selection systems, existing knowledge/semantic-based understanding approaches
must be integrated with recent advances in deep learning-based representation understanding and
text/knowledge generation models [17, 18].
Policy Recommendations
The development of policy recommendations and intervention strategies to address the loss of knowledge
about TKM is based on the results of the study that were highlighted in the previous sections. These
recommendations are grouped into three aspects. After the analysis of acquired information from focus
groups, the recommendations are categorized in a way that can be directed to a targeted audience. The
recommendations made include traditional medical practitioners, local government officials, and the
general public. Education about TKM among the community members of the Tserorot community by
traditional medical practitioners is highly recommended and further reach is urged. This provides
communities with information about their medicinal plants and the loss of information about TKM. It
also provides information about how to identify TKM practitioners. Educating members of the
community on TKM also empowers individuals to pursue TKM when a plot against TKM practitioners is
presented. Policy recommendations directed to the local government officials include holding community-
initiated meetings, where discussions about the loss of knowledge about TKM are held. This would allow
the voices of the community to be heard. Encouraging meetings allows for empowering the community
members of the Tserorot community and prompting them to pursue the education and documentation of
TKM. The Tserorot community is encouraged to communicate with the community at large through
social media. Recordings of education regarding TKM between traditional medical practitioners and the
video of the focus group can be posted on social media to educate the general public on the loss of
information on TKM. Protecting the TKM practitioners from community plots against them can be
executed by reporting those perpetrators to law enforcement [19, 20].
Funding and Resources
Funding, human resources, and infrastructure are essential for gathering traditional medicine knowledge.
Initial funding is crucial to explore cultural areas where this medicine is prevalent. This can be used to
hire local researchers fluent in the local language to collect qualitative ethnopharmacological data.
Graduate students should also be recruited to conduct interviews and validate this knowledge. Finding
interested researchers is challenging, so nurturing graduate students in developing countries with
unexplored flora is vital. Knowledge assignments must be created for organizing and analyzing the
gathered information. A comprehensive data system linking geographic and taxonomic data with local
uses, preparation methods, and literature is crucial. A data center for traditional medicine should be
established at a prominent research institution where data is analyzed to generate publications. Some
universities are willing to collaborate with local researchers to set up these centers. A preservation policy
is essential for knowledge valuation in partnership with local researchers. Local floras should be
published for local researchers and health ministries to corroborate knowledge. Comprehensive reviews of
medicinal plants and their potential commercial use should be published for visibility. Local researchers
should also publish reviews in local journals. Data centers are expected to develop new medicinal
products from this knowledge for commercial benefits [21, 22].

5. EEJOURNALS OPEN ACCESS
38

Evaluation Metrics for Success
To gauge the project's accomplishments, evaluation benchmarks will be considered. The numerical and
analytical techniques developed to preserve traditional medicine knowledge were integrated into the
project's master plan. New methods for managing digital infographics and cross-referencing images and
hyperlinks will create user-friendly encyclopedias of traditional Tibetan medicine. These digital
encyclopedias will enhance preservation of skilled expertise. Additionally, a machine-learning model was
created to semi-automatically annotate digital resources by identifying quality and rare plants, which was
implemented and fine-tuned. The model's architecture was updated with cluster computing, significantly
reducing training and prediction time. The trained model was assessed to ensure a good balance of
required human verifications post-prediction. Thirdly, rule-based plants-text-enforcements and methods
for identifying guideline texts were implemented, but manual filtering remains necessary for improving
results. Keyword-based text enhancement was generated in target languages and can be handled by the
first-stage automatic annotation model. While the practical incorporation of annotated data into the
encyclopedias was not completed, workflows for each inquiry type were established as a foundational step
[23, 24].
Impact on Healthcare Systems
Ghana spends around six percent of its gross domestic product (GDP) on health care in a decentralized
health care system. In theory, a comprehensive model merging several different curative practices with a
referral system ought to provide efficient primary health care. However, patient records, referral letters,
and clinic registers indicate that traditional medicine users are disregarded in the public health system,
even when presenting with serious complications. The Biomedicine-Only Health System is used by less
than ten percent of patients. Biomedicine’s distinctiveness implies a different understanding of
health/disease and thus health-seeking behaviors. In view of Traditional Medicine-Only health seeking,
patients’ beliefs and practices thus seem ‘irrationally’ incompatible with health professionals’ biomedical
knowledge. A lack of understanding coupled with discrimination seems to result in highly dysfunctional
interactions when TM and biomedicine collide. Data indicates five challenges to integration can be
discerned: Insufficient Knowledge of Traditional Medicine; Discriminatory Approach Towards
Traditional Medicine; High Turnover of Biomedical Health Staff; Demarcation of Responsibilities; Lack
of Resources. Interview data shows biomedical healthcare workers have limited insight into local
understandings of health. Many are graduates or students doing a mandatory internship. A significant
number does not speak the local language. Furthermore, ‘alien’ staff is unacquainted with local cultural
beliefs and practices that influence health choices. Data suggests insufficient understanding coupled with
status differences (based on education) leads to discrimination of healers and their patients. Patients
mention insults and the denial of care at biomedical facilities in case of exhibiting signs of the use of TM.
Such poor treatment results in reluctance to seek help. It thus complicates diagnoses and increases the
risk of complications from interacting medication/treatment. The turnover of staff resulting from
temporary staff appointments and internships undermines the establishment of a relationship of trust
between healers and biomedical health staff [25, 26].
Integration with Modern Medicine
Integrating findings of traditional medicine with modern pharmaceutical research has not yet proved
feasible. Presently only the initial steps are presented on a 'bridge' linking findings from traditional
medicines to those of modern pharmaceutical research. However, it is expected that once a sufficient
number of databases about traditional medicines are publicly accessible, there will be widespread
opportunities to connect them with chemical and molecular data that are now routinely used in modern
research. A concerted community effort is required to ensure that such opportunities become practically
accessible to those involved in both traditional medicine and modern pharmaceutical research. This effort
will entail community outreach, education of those working with traditional medicines, infrastructure
development and training in unaccustomed technology. On the scholarly front, there is the urgent need
for guidelines and recommendations on data selection, normalization and curation to ensure high-quality,
interoperable information about traditional medicine. Preservation of traditional medicine by Native
American tribes is an important topic on many levels. As modern society pushes for advancement and
intellectual property rights, traditional medicine knowledge, practices and beliefs are at risk. Each Native
American tribe has different medicinal plants, diseases, cultural beliefs, methods and ways of use
concerning traditional medicine. These differences not only differ from tribe to tribe but also change for
each community of several hundred people. It is also the reason why some tribes become interested in
improving the quality of health and medical care, knowledge oftentimes has to be sacrificed. Therefore,

6. EEJOURNALS OPEN ACCESS
39

collecting this knowledge can help tribal members understand the plant or beverage better. Knowledge is
protective. It can help preserve traditional medicine knowledge [27, 28].
Educational Initiatives
At the beginning of the 21st century, there was a growing need for an ethical framework to assess
traditional medicine knowledge systems (TKS) and address issues related to bioprospecting and bio-
piracy, while protecting TKS markets from misuse. In 1994, a custodianship framework was established
to guide a pragmatic approach to TKS, emphasizing ethical and contractual norms. Both academic and
non-academic institutions have come together to evaluate the traditional ecological knowledges (TEKs)
of indigenous peoples, developing various processes and benefit-sharing approaches. Typically, the
dominant culture, through academic institutions and private companies, assesses indigenous knowledge
and seeks market-based benefits, negotiating for the right to use traditional knowledge, effectively
becoming its custodians. The dominant culture controls the processes for gathering and evaluating this
wisdom. Coordinated conventions and processes to address bioprospecting and bio-piracy need to be
collaboratively designed by governments and indigenous peoples. While some agreements exist between
indigenous custodians, resource developers, and governments, these are often disregarded. Educational
initiatives promoting ethical principles have emerged from translational justice, involving custodians of
knowledge systems, aiming to facilitate engagement. Current efforts to establish ethics codes for
ceremonial, academic, and commercial transactions can serve as foundational elements. It is recommended
that different agents take responsibility for specific ethical issues to create a framework for accountability
for everyone involved [29, 30].
CONCLUSION
The preservation of traditional medicine knowledge is both a scientific necessity and a cultural
imperative. As modernization and ecological pressures threaten centuries of orally transmitted health
wisdom, engineering solutions provide a viable path to safeguard and revitalize TM. From digital
databases and ethnobotanical archives to AI-driven modeling and system biology integration, the tools of
engineering can codify, structure, and validate TM knowledge for future use. Importantly, these efforts
must involve ethical frameworks, community ownership, and culturally sensitive approaches that honor
the intellectual property of indigenous healers. The success of such preservation strategies depends on
inclusive collaborations between engineers, traditional practitioners, policymakers, and communities.
With thoughtful application, engineering can not only protect but also elevate traditional medicine as a
legitimate, accessible, and sustainable pillar of global health systems.
REFERENCES
1. Lee EL, Barnes J. Prevalence of use of herbal and traditional medicines. InPharmacovigilance for
Herbal and Traditional Medicines: Advances, Challenges and International Perspectives 2022
Aug 12 (pp. 15-25). Cham: Springer International Publishing. researchgate.net
2. Tuasha N, Fekadu S, Deyno S. Prevalence of herbal and traditional medicine in Ethiopia: a
systematic review and meta-analysis of 20-year studies. Systematic Reviews. 2023 Dec
13;12(1):232.
3. Yuan H, Ma Q, Ye L, Piao G. The traditional medicine and modern medicine from natural
products. Molecules. 2016 Apr 29;21(5):559.
4. Asigbaase M, Adusu D, Musah AA, Anaba L, Nsor CA, Abugre S, Derkyi M. Ethnobotanical and
ethnopharmacological survey of medicinal tree species used in the treatment of diseases by
forest-fringe communities of Southwestern Ghana. Heliyon. 2024 Jan 15;10(1).
5. Kalu UN. Intergenerational knowledge transfer in traditional herbal medicine (THM) practices
among the Igbo tribe in Nigeria: A qualitative study. The University of Regina (Canada); 2022.
6. Ouma A. Intergenerational learning processes of traditional medicinal knowledge and socio-
spatial transformation dynamics. Frontiers in Sociology. 2022 Jul 7;7:661992.
7. Alum EU. The role of indigenous knowledge in advancing the therapeutic use of medicinal
plants: challenges and opportunities. Plant signaling & behavior. 2024 Dec 31;19(1):2439255.
8. Chakrabarty SP, Tanoue M, Penteado A. The trouble is, you think you have time: traditional
knowledge of indigenous peoples in Japan and India, the reality of biodiversity exploitation.
Environmental Management. 2023 Jul;72(1):100-12.
9. Duche-Pérez A, Gutiérrez Aguilar OA, Valero Quispe JL, Serruto Castillo A, Mamani Daza LJ.
Systematic review of ethnomedicinal knowledge: Documentation, evaluation, and conservation of
medicinal plants and their therapeutic applications. F1000Research. 2024 Nov 5;13:1324.
f1000research.com

7. EEJOURNALS OPEN ACCESS
40

10. Leonti M. Are we romanticizing traditional knowledge? A plea for more experimental studies in
ethnobiology. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2024 May 26;20(1):56.
11. Nagal CJ. Harvesting Traditions: Exploring the Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge Systems in
Java, Indonesia and Mindanao, Philippines. Millennial Asia. 2025:09763996251327672.
12. Das BR, Bhuyan MJ, Deka N. Exploring cultural ecologies of the Karbi Tribe in Assam, India,
through traditional ecological knowledge and skills (TEKS). Asian Ethnicity. 2025. [HTML]
13. Mvula D. ROLE OF TRADITIONAL HEALERS IN THE PRESERVATION OF
INDIGENOUS MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE:: A CASE STUDY OF CHIBOMBO DISTRICT,
ZAMBIA. Kwame Nkrumah University Multi -Disciplinary Journal-Zambia. 2024 Aug
9;1(1):119-28. nkrumah.edu.zm
14. Ssenku JE, Okurut SA, Namuli A, Kudamba A, Tugume P, Matovu P, Wasige G, Kafeero HM,
Walusansa A. Medicinal plant use, conservation, and the associated traditional knowledge in
rural communities in Eastern Uganda. Tropical Medicine and Health. 2022 Jun 6;50(1):39.
springer.com
15. Vrančić A, Zadravec H, Orehovački T. The role of smart homes in providing care for older
adults: A systematic literature review from 2010 to 2023. Smart Cities. 2024 Jun 26;7(4):1502-50.
16. Alzu'Bi A, Alomar AA, Alkhaza'Leh S, Abuarqoub A, Hammoudeh M. A review of privacy and
security of edge computing in smart healthcare systems: issues, challenges, and research
directions. Tsinghua Science and Technology. 2024 Feb 9;29(4):1152-80. ieee.org
17. Sukackė V, Guerra AO, Ellinger D, Carlos V, Petronienė S, Gaižiūnienė L, Blanch S, Marbà-
Tallada A, Brose A. Towards active evidence-based learning in engineering education: A
systematic literature review of PBL, PjBL, and CBL. Sustainability. 2022 Oct 27;14(21):13955.
mdpi.com
18. Yan H, Ma M, Wu Y, Fan H, Dong C. Overview and analysis of the text mining applications in
the construction industry. Heliyon. 2022 Dec 1;8(12).
19. Romualdo AQ, Arroyo JD, Suriaga EG, Rose T. Traditional Knowledge Management (TKM)
through Biosprospecting: Mainstreaming Scientific Research Trends and Techniques for
Inclusive and Sustainable Education. vol. 2022;1:1497-506.
20. Kim J, Park JK, Park JY, Lee EJ, Sung SH. The use of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) by
children: a correlational study between parent’s perception and their children’s use reported by
parents. InHealthcare 2021 Apr 1 (Vol. 9, No. 4, p. 385). MDPI.
21. Ugwu CN, Ugwu OP, Alum EU, Eze VH, Basajja M, Ugwu JN, Ogenyi FC, Ejemot-Nwadiaro
RI, Okon MB, Egba SI, Uti DE. Sustainable development goals (SDGs) and resilient healthcare
systems: Addressing medicine and public health challenges in conflict zones. Medicine. 2025 Feb
14;104(7):e41535. lww.com
22. Bihari S. Cultural heritage and indigenous knowledge: Reviving traditions for future
generations. Sustainable Development Goals in SAARC Countries: Key Issues, Opportunities
and Challenges. 2023 Jun;1:24-32. researchgate.net
23. Che CT, George V, Ijinu TP, Pushpangadan P, Andrae-Marobela K. Traditional medicine.
InPharmacognosy 2024 Jan 1 (pp. 11-28). Academic Press. [HTML]
24. Saggar S, Mir PA, Kumar N, Chawla A, Uppal J, Kaur A. Traditional and herbal medicines:
opportunities and challenges. Pharmacognosy Research. 2022;14(2). phcogres.com
25. Oshinubi K, Rachdi M, Demongeot J. Analysis of reproduction number R0 of COVID-19 using
current health expenditure as gross domestic product percentage (CHE/GDP) across countries.
InHealthcare 2021 Sep 22 (Vol. 9, No. 10, p. 1247). MDPI.
26. Arhin K, Frimpong AO, Acheampong K. Effect of primary health care expenditure on universal
health coverage: evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research.
2022 Dec 31:643-52. tandfonline.com
27. Dean M. Exploring ethnobotanical knowledge: Qualitative insights into the therapeutic potential
of medicinal plants. Golden Ratio of Data in Summary. 2024 Jul 6;4(2):154-66.
28. Brockie TN, Hill K, Davidson PM, Decker E, Krienke LK, Nelson KE, Nicholson N, Werk AM,
Wilson D, Around Him D. Strategies for culturally safe research with Native American
communities: an integrative review. Contemporary nurse. 2022 Jan 2;58(1):8-32. tandfonline.com
29. Ogwu MC. Local food crops in Africa: sustainable utilization, threats, and traditional storage
strategies. InSustainable utilization and conservation of Africa’s biological resources and
environment 2023 Apr 18 (pp. 353-374). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. researchgate.net

8. EEJOURNALS OPEN ACCESS
41

30. Amugongo LM, Bidwell NJ, Corrigan CC. Invigorating Ubuntu Ethics in AI for healthcare:
Enabling equitable care. InProceedings of the 2023 ACM conference on fairness, accountability,
and transparency 2023 Jun 12 (pp. 583-592). researchgate.net

CITE AS: Nambi Namusisi H. (2025). Engineering Solutions for
Preserving Traditional Medicine Knowledge . EURASIAN
EXPERIMENT JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, 5(1):34 -41.