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1. First Stage/Department of Aeronautical Engineering
The Academic Year (2023-2024)
By
Asst. Lect. Mohammed Layth
A Faculty member at The College
of Engineering, University of
Baghdad
ENGLISH LANGUAGE

2. Using Articles
Englishhastwoarticles:theanda/an.
Theisusedtorefertospecificorparticularnouns;a/anisusedto
modifynon-specificornon-particularnouns.
Wecallthethedefinitearticleanda/antheindefinitearticle.
the=definitearticle
a/an=indefinitearticle

3. Using Articles
Forexample,ifIsay,"Let'sreadthebook,"Imeanaspecificbook.
IfIsay,"Let'sreadabook,"Imeananybookratherthanaspecific
book.
"A/an"isusedtorefertoanon-specificornon-particularmember
ofthegroup.
Forexample,"Iwouldliketogoseeamovie."Here,we'renot
talkingaboutaspecificmovie.We'retalkingaboutanymovie.

4. Using Articles: INDEFINITE ARTICLES:AANDAN
"A"and“An"signalthatthenounmodifiedisindefinite,referring
toanymemberofagroup.
REMEMBER,USINGAORANDEPENDSONTHESOUNDTHAT
BEGINSTHENEXTWORD.

5. Using Articles: INDEFINITE ARTICLES:AANDAN
Ahistoricaleventisworthrecording.

6. Using Articles : INDEFINITE ARTICLES:AANDAN
Remember that these rules also apply when you use acronyms:
IntroductoryCompositionatPurdue(ICaP)handlesfirst-yearwritingatthe
University.Therefore,anICaPmemogenerallydiscussesissuesconcerning
English106instructors.

7. Using Articles: INDEFINITE ARTICLES:AANDAN

8. Using Articles: INDEFINITE ARTICLES:AANDAN

9. Using Articles : DEFINITE ARTICLE THE
Thedefinitearticleisusedbeforesingularandpluralnounswhen
thenounisspecificorparticular.Thesignalsthatthenounis
definite,thatitreferstoaparticularmemberofagroup.
Forexample:
"Thedogthatbitmeranaway."Here,we'retalkingabout
aspecificdog,thedogthatbitme.

10. Using Articles : DEFINITE ARTICLE THE
"Iwashappytoseethepolicemanwhosavedmycat!"Here,we're
talkingaboutaparticularpoliceman.Evenifwedon'tknowthe
policeman'sname,it'sstillaparticularpolicemanbecauseitisthe
onewhosavedthecat.
"Isawtheelephantatthezoo."Here,we'retalkingabout
aspecificnoun.Probablythereisonlyoneelephantatthezoo.

11. Using Articles : DEFINITE ARTICLE THE
COUNTANDNON-COUNTNOUNS
Thecanbeusedwithnon-countnouns,orthearticlecanbeomitted
entirely.
"Ilovetosailoverthewater"(somespecificbodyofwater)or"I
lovetosailoverwater"(anywater).
"Hespilledthemilkalloverthefloor"(somespecificmilk,perhaps
themilkyouboughtearlierthatday)or"Hespilledmilkallover
thefloor"(anymilk).

12. Using Articles : DEFINITE ARTICLE THE
Note:
“a/an" can be used only with count nouns.
"I needabottle of water."
"I needanew glass of milk."

13. GEOGRAPHICAL USE OFTHE
Do not usethebefore:
Namesofmostcountries/territories:Italy,Mexico,Bolivia;
however,theNetherlands,theDominicanRepublic,thePhilippines,theUnited
States
Names of cities, towns, or states:Seoul, Manitoba, Miami
Namesofstreets:WashingtonBlvd.,MainSt.
Namesoflakesandbays:LakeTiticaca,LakeErieexceptwitha
groupoflakesliketheGreatLakes

14. GEOGRAPHICAL USE OFTHE
Do not usethebefore:
Namesofmountains:MountEverest,MountFujiexceptwithranges
ofmountainsliketheAndesortheRockiesorunusualnameslikethe
Matterhorn
Names of continents (Asia, Europe)
Names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island
chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands

15. GEOGRAPHICAL USE OFTHE
Do use the before:
Names of rivers, oceans and seas:theNile,thePacific
Points on the globe:theEquator,theNorth Pole
Geographical areas:theMiddle East,theWest
Deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas:theSahara,thePersian
Gulf,theBlack Forest,theIberian Peninsula

16. OMISSION OF ARTICLES
Some common types of nouns that don't take an article are:
Namesoflanguagesandnationalities:Chinese,English,Spanish,
Russian(unlessyouarereferringtothepopulationofthenation:
"TheSpanishareknownfortheirwarmhospitality.")
Namesofsports:volleyball,hockey,baseball
Namesofacademicsubjects:mathematics,biology,history,computer
science