Enterotoxemia.pptxdxkdekfleffvfhdedfvdhkkr

Enterotoxemia.pptxdxkdekfleffvfhdedfvdhkkr

1. Enterotoxemia

2. Introduction Enterotoxemia, also known as "overeating disease" or "pulpy kidney disease," is a fatal disease in ruminants caused by toxins produced by Clostridium perfringens bacteria. It primarily affects calves, lambs, goats, and other livestock consuming high-energy diets.

3. Etiology (Cause) Causative Agent: Clostridium perfringens (Types C and D) Toxin Production: Type C: Produces Beta toxin, leading to hemorrhagic enteritis. Type D: Produces Epsilon toxin, affecting the nervous system and kidneys. Triggering Factors: Sudden increase in carbohydrate-rich diets (grain, lush pasture, milk). Rapid bacterial multiplication in the gut, releasing toxins.

4. Clinical Signs Acute Form: Sudden death (often without visible signs). Nervous signs (convulsions, head pressing, opisthotonus). Frothing at the mouth, difficulty breathing. Subacute/Chronic Form: Diarrhea (often bloody in Type C cases). Abdominal pain, bloating. Lethargy, weakness, and loss of appetite.

5. Diagnosis Clinical History: Sudden death in well-fed animals. Post-Mortem Findings: Pulpy, swollen kidneys (Type D). Hemorrhagic intestines (Type C). Pericardial effusion (fluid around the heart).

6. Treatment Antibiotics (limited success): Penicillin, tetracyclines. Anti-Toxin Serum: Effective if administered early. Supportive Therapy: IV fluids for dehydration. Probiotics to restore gut flora. Activated charcoal to absorb toxins

7. Vaccination: Clostridial vaccines (toxoid) given to pregnant animals before parturition. Booster doses for young animals. Dietary Management: Gradual introduction of high-energy feeds. Ensure adequate fiber intake. Hygiene & Biosecurity: Proper sanitation in feeding areas. Avoid overfeeding with grains and rich pastures.