Entomology industries assignment 2 ento

Entomology industries which includes apiculture, sericulture and lac culture. their methods and importance in economy.

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APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT No. 2
ENTOMOLOGY INDUSTRIES; APICULTURE, SERICULTURE AND LAC
CULTURE

SUBMITTED TO: DR. NOUSHEEN ZAFEER
SUBMITTED BY: SYEDA AMNA ZAHRA (16261514 -002)
AFSHEEN MIRZA (16161514-003)

ALVENA JAMIL (16261514-008)

UM-E-KULSOOM (16261514-014)

HUMERA ZAHEER (16261514 -020)

MUZNA KASHAF (16261514-030)

FAIZA BATOOL (16261514-035)

TEHREEM AFZAL (16261514-044)

RAHMA HANI (16261514-045)
SEMESTER: (VIII)
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
SUB- CAMPUS RAWALPIND I

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CONTENTS:

Page no.

 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................3
 LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................3
 COMPARATIVE STUDY ............................................................................................3
 LAC CULTURE ................................................................................................ 4
 Economic importance of Lac culture ......................................................6
 Life cycle................................................................................................ 7
 Lac cultivation.........................................................................................8
 Lac manufacture..................................................................................... 8
 Lac processing.........................................................................................9
 Uses ....................................................................................................... 10
 APICULTURE................................................................................................. 11
 Species of Honey bees............................................................................ 11
 Life cycle................................................................................................. 13
 Methods of Apiculture ............................................................................14
 Importance of Apiculture ....................................................................... 15
 SERICULTURE..................................................................................................18
 Types of silk .............................................................................................. 19
 Stages of silk production .......................................................................... 19
 Life cycle of silk worm ..........................................................................20
 Silk glands .............................................................................................. 22
 Importance of Sericulture....................................................................... 24
 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 24

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ENTOMOLOGY INDUSTRIES:

INTRODUCTION:

Insects are the most numerous animals inhabiting this earth. They have largely earned the
reputation of being harmful. This is due the fact that less than 1% of the insect population is
harmful. Insects owing to their tremendous adaptations to diverse habitats have much to offer to
us for technological advances in all areas of our lives. Other than the known evidences of silk,
honey and Lac production, insects have much to offer in the field of food, pharmaceuticals,
different therapies, weed and pest management, etc. Now we should start respecting the things
that insects have to teach. Then, to convert these lessons into breakthroughs aimed at improving
human life while protecting our environment. Most important industries include; Lac culture,
Apiculture and Sericulture (Barlow, 1982).
LITERATURE REVIEW:

A study conducted on beneficial importance of insects stated that only 1% insects are harmful
actually. Insects had played and are still doing very important role in medicine, Poultice made by
meshing the body parts of Grasshopper (Orthoptera) to cure Migraine. They also play an
important role as a food. Countries including China use insects as proteinaceous diet. They have
aesthetic value such as artists (pottery makers), etc. get inspiration from colors and patterns of
wings of insects of aesthetic value. Insects also act as scavengers. They help in decaying of
dead plants and animals,
e.g. Blowflies feed on dead animals. They also act as environmental indicator, e.g. caddis fly
can only live in fresh water which means less population of caddis fly identifies water toxicity.
The most important one is pollination by insects which leads female plant to grow fruits. Hence
insects are crucial components of an ecosystem. Economically, they are categorized into various
Entomological Industries such as Sericulture, Apiculture and Lac culture .
COMPARATIVE STUDY; BETWEEN LAC CULTURE, APICULTURE AND
SERICULTURE:
LAC CULTURE:

The term “Lac” is derived from the Sanskrit word “Laksha” . It means a hundred thousand and it
is suggestive of the large number of insects involved in its production . Lac is the resin. It is a
protective secretion, produced by insect called Laccifer lacca. They secrete brown color resinous
substance called the Lac. The minute red-colored larvae of this insect, settles on shoots of host
plants. While growing of Lac insects, resinous material is secreted. This material covers them.
Rearing of Lac insects for commercial production of the Lac is called as Lac culture
(Chattopadhyay, 2011).

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Classification of Lac insect

Why Lac Cultivation takes place?

Lac cultivation is good source of livelihood resource, for poor farmers. It avoids migration of
rural population to densely populated urban areas. It is also a source of income during drought
years . It requires meager inputs like water, pesticides etc. It is most suitably grown on marginal
and degraded land . No competition is there with other horticultural, agricultural crops for land
and farm operation. It do not harm host tree health neither harm other flora and fauna (Sharma et
al; 2006).
Economic Importance of Lac culture:

Following here is the economic importance of Lac culture:

1. Lac is used in the preparation bangles.

2. Lac is used in preparation of toys for kids.

3. Lac is used in preparing inks and polishes.

4. Lac is used in wood work and also used for making ornamental things.

5. Lac is used in the process of silvering the back of mirror (Norris et al; 1934).

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Fig. i1; iMaleiandifemaleilaciinsects
Biology

Laccifer lacca, is the scientific name of lac producing insect. Female insect is viviparous, giving
birth to child; producing about 1000 nymphs. It is deep red in color with black eyes. It has soft
body. The legth is, 0.6mm. It has 3 pairs of leg and a pair of antennae (Sharma et al; 2006).
The larvae of this insect settle down on a suitable place of the host plant . After 2 days of
settlement, the larvae start secreting Lac all around the body. Lac secretion does not take place
except on the rostrum, spiracles, and on the tip of abdomen. Thus, it gets encased in a cell of Lac
which then gradually increases in size, along with the increase in size of the insect (Tewari,
1994).
The female nymph does not regain appendages. It remains under the Lac cell, become adults and
then it reproduce. As the Lac insects remain close together, Lac secretion from adjacent cells
coalesces with each other, and it then forms a continuous encrustation on the tree branch (Norris
et al; 1934).
Males walk over the Lac encrustation. They fertilize the females present inside cell through anal
tubercular opening. Female after maturity grow very fast, and secretes lack abundantly. Size of
the female cell is several times larger than male cell (Sen et al; 1981).

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Fig. 3; Strains of lac
Fig. i2; isome ihost iplantsiofilac
iinsect
HOST PLANTS

Host plants of Lac insects include; Palas, Kusam and Ber etc. The insects live as a parasite. It
feed on the sap of certain trees and shrubs. It generally lives on more than 400 plant species
(Sharma et al., 2006).


STRAINS OF LAC

There are two different strains of Lac insect India. These are named as Kusumi and Rangeeni.
The kusumi strain is raised mainly on the kusum tree. The rangeeni is raised on all other hosts
such as palas, ber, ghont, arhar etc. Each of the strains produces two crops per year. Thus there
are four crops (Norris et al; 1934).

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Fig.4; iLife icycle iof ilac iinsect
LIFE CYCLE OF LAC INSECT

The life cycle of lac insect comprises of three stages. These are egg, nymph and adult. A
fertilized female of Lac insect lays 200-500 eggs. It lays eggs by contracting its body in forward
direction. Eggs are laid in the incubation chamber in which the female is enclosed. Eggs are
generally laid in the month of October and November (Sharma et al; 2006).
Then eggs hatches into first instar nymph. Then the nymphs emerge and crawl over the branches
of plants where they reside. The number is so large that the mass emergence of nymphs is often
termed as ‘swarming’ (Sen et al; 1981).
They start sucking sap from the plants. At this time they are unable to feed on hard twigs. Soon
after their settlement on plant, they start secreting a resinous substance around their body
through special dermal glands. These glands are present all over the body (Chattopadhyay,
2011).
After some time the larval instar gets fully covered by the Lac covering. It is also known as Lac
cell. Once they are fully covered, metamorphosis then occur (Negi, 1956).


Pruning Operation

Pruning means cutting of the old, weak and disease branches of the plant. It is done to inducing
the tree to produce maximum number of shoots for successful colonization by the Lac insect.
Pruning should always be carried out lightly. The branches more than 2.5 cm in diameter should
not be

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cut. Branches ranging between 1.25 -2.5cm in diameter are cut, so as to leave behind a stalk of
about 30-45 cm (Tewari, 1994).
LAC CULTIVATION

Lac culture involves three important steps:

 Inoculation,

 Swarming,

 Harvesting.

INOCULATION

Method by which the Lac insects are introduced the new Lac host plant is called as inoculation.
When infection from one plant to other plant occurs by natural motion of insect, it is called
natural inoculation. Lac sticks, having mature female insects which are ready to give rise to the
next generation are called Brood Lac (Negi, 1956).
SWARMING

At the time of swarming, the insect muscle contract. The insect get detached from the place of
attachment. When the eggs are hatched out, they become orange in color. Thus, the change in
color is an indication that swarming has taken place (Negi, 1956).
HARVESTING

Ari Lac: If Lac crops are harvested little before the emergence of larva, it is calld Ari Lac (immature
Lac).

Phunki Lac: After the emergence of larva, the lac is called Phunki Lac (empty Lac).

Immature harvesting would affect the population of Lac insects. It ultimately results in great
economic loss to the cultivators. Hence, immature harvesting should be discouraged (Negi,
1956).
MANUFACTURE OF LAC

1) Production of crushed Lac

Remove Lac encrustation from the branches. The branches can be removed by twisting them or
scrapping by knife. Scrapped material from the plant is called as stick Lac. Powder the stick Lac.
Powdered Lac is called crushed Lac (Pal et al; 1998).

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Fig.5; iTypesiofiLac
2) Production of seed Lac (Chowri)

Keep the crushed Lac submerged in water. It shoul be immersed in cement tubs containing
water for 3 days. Stir the contents. Drain off the supernatant colored liquid. Transfer the material
that settles at the bottom to large vats. Add water and lime at ratio of 1kg to 160 kg of vat.
Collect the Lac dye which settles down at the bottom. Remove the bits of twigs and fibrous
material. Also remove parts of insect body that floats in vat (Tewari, 1994).
METHODS OF LAC PROCESSI NG

Seed Lac is often the base material on which further processing take place. The processing
results into a finished product which is known as Shellac (Pal et al; 1998).
 Handmade Process

 Mechanized Heat Process

 Solvent Processes

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Vertebrate enemies of Lac insects:

Squirrels and rats caused up to 50% of the damage to brood sticks. Squirrels are diurnal. They
cause damage more common in under forest condition. Rats are active at night time and the
damage usually occurs near about the villages (Chattopadhyay, 2011).
Control:

It is difficult to control the squirrels and rats under the open field conditions. However scaring
away of these animals or poisoning them may be choose to keep the rodents under attack (Sharma
et al; 2006).
The important properties of Lac

The important properties of Lac are here below:

(i) It is soluble in alcohol and weak alkalis.

(ii) It has capacity of forming uniform long lasting film.

(iii) It also possesses high scratch hardness.

(iv) It is resistant to water.

(v) Lac has good adhesive nature.

(vi) It also has ability to form good sealers.

(vii) It has capacity to allow quick rubbing with sandpaper without slicking or gumming.

No other single resin, either it is natural or is manmade possess so many desirable properties like
Lac. So Lac is also termed as multipurpose resin (Norris et al; 1934).
USES

Following are the important uses of Lac:

 Lac has unique combination of properties, it finds a vast variety of application in paint,
electrical, automobile, cosmetic, and many other industries.
 Earlier, about half of the total output was consumed in gramophone industry.

 Lac has long been in use both for decorative and insulating varnishes.

 It is usually used as a first coating on wood to fill the pores of the wood.

 Lac is used in manufacture of glazed paper, printing and water proof inks, Lac bangles,
dental plates and optical frames.

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Fig.6; iRockiBee
Fig.7; iIndian iBee
 Lac dye is used in dying of wool and silk, soft drink formulation, pill coating and
chocolate coating (Tewari, 1994).
APICULTURE
Apiculture is defined as the maintenance of honey bee colonies, by humans. This is done in
order to collect products like honey, beeswax, royal jelly etc. Location where bee colonies are
kept is called apiary or bee yard (Graham, 1992).
SPECIES OF HONEY BEES

Apis dorsata (Rock Bee)

It is the largest bee. It is difficult to domesticate. It produces large amount of honey. It built
single large open comb on high trees and bushes (Graham, 1992).


Apis cerana indica (Indian bee)

It is medium sized bee. It can be domesticated. Its hive consist of several parallel combs in
cavities of tree trunks (Graham, 1992).

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Fig.8; iLittle iBee
Fig.9; iEuropeaniBee
Apis florae (little bee)
It is of small size. It builds single small combs in bushes. This bee gives poor yield of Honey
(Mishra, 1995).

Apis mellifera (European bee)

It looks like Indian bee. It is easily domesticated (Mishra, 1995).

The Bee Colony and Its Members

The nest of the honey bee is known as hive. Population of an average sized colony is about 30
to 50 thousand individuals. A colony is termed ‘weak or strong’ according to the number of
worker bees it has. There are three types of individuals in a colony. They are; the Queen, worker
and drone. Due to the existence of several different forms, bees are said to be a polymorphic
species (Graham, 1992).

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Fig. i10; iLife iCycleiof iHoneyiBee
Life Cycle of Honey Bees
Honey bees develop in four distinct pahses of life cycle. These pahses includes: egg, larva,
pupa, and adult. The total development time varies among the three castes of bees, but the basic
process is the same. The development time is 24 days for drones, 21 days for worker bees, and 16
days for queens (Mishra, 1995).
The queen of honey bees lays a single egg in each compartment. Each cell is cleaned and prepared
by the workers to raise new brood. The cell must be spotless, or she moves on to another one
(Mishra, 1995).
Three days after the queen lays the egg, the eggs hatches into a larva. Healthy larvae are snowy
white in color. They resemble small grubs curled up in the cells. They are tiny at first, then the
larvae grow quickly by shedding their skin five times (Mishra, 1995).
The larva is now officially a pupa. The eyes, legs, and wings take their shape. Coloration begins
with the eyes. First the eyes are pink, then purple and then black. Finally, the fine hairs that
cover the bee’s body develop. After about 12 days, the adult bee makes her way through the wax
layer to join her sisters and brothers (Mishra, 1995).

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Fig.11; iFixed ihive
Fig.12; iMovableihive
METHODS OF APICULTURE :
INDIGENOUS OR LOCAL METHODS

This is old method. Two types of hives used are:

Wall (fixed) hive

It is purely natural type of comb because bees prepare the hive themselves on walls or trees
(Abdellatif, 1967).












Movable hive

It comprises wooden boxes or earthen pitchers. Traditional beekeepers catch cluster of bees from
trees, bushes, etc. and transfer them to the above mentioned spaces (Singh, 1971).


Modern Methods of Apiculture:

Modern bee hives were designed based on ‘Bee space theory’, by Lorenzo Loraine Lang stroth
in 1851. Bee space is optimum distance to be left in between two adjacent comb surfaces in a
hive, which is estimated for normal movement and normal functioning of bees (Singh, 1971).

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Fig.13; iParts iof imovableihive
Types of Hives:
In general;

 For A. mellifera we use Langstroth hive.
 For A. cerana, we use hive A and hive B type.

Parts of typical movable hive:

Lagstroth type hive

IMPORTANCE OF APICULTURE

Apiculture produces many important products. These products include honey, royal jelly etc.

Products of Apiculture
HONEY:
Bees produce honey from nectar of plants through enzymatic activity, regurgitation, and water
evaporation (Singh, 1971).
Uses

 Honey is used as a nutritious food, rich in energy and vitamins.
 It is used to as medicine to prevent cold, cough and fever.

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Fig.15; iBees iwax


Bees wax

Beeswax is secreted by wax glands. Wax glands are located on the underside of last four
abdominal segments of the worker bee (Graham, 1992).
Uses

It is used in:

 Making of candles
 Creams, lotions and lipsticks.
 Forming comb, base and other cosmetic products etc (Graham, 1992).

Royal jelly

Glandular secretion of young worker bee produced by the hypo pharyngeal gland. These glands
are present in head (Abdellatif, 1967).
Uses

Following here are the uses of Royal jelly:

 It is used in treating diseases such as; diabetes and osteoporosis etc.
 It also helps in healing of wounds and it also upgrade immunity (Abdellatif, 1967).
Fig.14; iHoney

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Table.1. iComponentiof ibee ivenom




Bee venom

It is a bitter, colorless liquid, containing proteins, which causes local swelling and pain (Mishra,
1995).
Uses:

Bee venom is given as a stroke for arthritis, nerve pain , multiple sclerosis. It is also used in
desensitizing the people allergic to bee sting (Mishra, 1995).



Propolis

It is a mixture produced by honey bees by mixing saliva and beeswax with gathering from true
buds (Singh, 1971).
Uses

Following are the uses of Propolis:

 It is used by bees to seal unwanted spaces present in hive.
 It is also used to treat cough and throat irritation (Singh, 1971).
Fig.16; iRoyalijelly

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Mulberryisilkimoth
Eri isilk imoth Mugaisilkimoth
Tasarisilkimoth


SERICULTURE

Sericulture is the silk producing industry. India is the second largest silk producing country in the
world after china on the 1st. Sericulture is also called as silk farming. It is the rearing of
silkworm for the production of silk. Silk is known as queen of textile and bio steel because of its
strength (Frankel and Brown, 1983).


Historical Perspective

Discovery of the silkworm’s silk was a story. It was told by an ancient empress Lei Zu. She was
the wife of the emperor. She was drinking tea under the tree, when a silk cocoon fell into her tea
cup. Due to this, the hot tea loosened the long strand of silk. As she take it out, and started to
wrap the silk thread around her flinger, she felt the warm sensation. When silk ran out, larva
appeared. She realized that it was this larva that produces the silk. Soon, she taught this to
people and it became wide spread (Hampson, 1892).
Fig.17; iBeeiPropolis

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Table.2; iTypesiof isilk iproducedibyisilkworm, itheir ihost iplant iand idistribution




TYPES OF SILK

STAGES OF SILK PRODUCTION

There are 3 divisions of sericulture. They are described below:

1. Cultivation of mulberry: Agricultural Division

2. Rearing of cocoon : Entomological Division
Fig.18; iHistorical istory iof iSericulture

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3. Reeling of cocoons: Technical Divisions

AGRICULTURAL DIVISION

This includes the cultivation of host plants. Larval stage of silk moth feed on these host plants.
Different plants required different conditions for their growth. Thus this division is actually the
crucial step. This is the beginning step for the sericulture (Hirobe, 1968).
Cultivation of Mulberry (Moriculture)

Cultivation of Mulberry is called Moriculture. It feeds on mulberry plants of genus Morus. (Lea,
1998).
Alternate plants: Alternate plants include sage, orange, lettuce, peepal etc.

Climatic conditions: Favorable climatic conditions are temperate to tropical regions.
Temperature needed is 15-37°C. The rainfall range 600-2500mm, and an altitude of 300- 900m
above sea level
Seasons: Season of plantation include early spring and late autumn with stem cuttings and root
grafting (Lea, 1998).
ENTOMOLOGICAL DIVISION

This includes the rearing of silk moth. This is the most usual and time consuming process. This
requires the complete knowledge of the life cycle of the interested silk moth, along with its
morphology and anatomy (Hampson, 1892).
Life Cycle of the Silkworm:

4 stages of life cycle are there. These stages include egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs are of 2
types:

 The diapause (or hibernating) type of eggs: These eggs are laid by the silk moth
inhabiting in temperate regions.
 The non-diapause eggs: They are also called as non hibernating eggs. These eggs are
of silk moth, inhabiting in sub-tropical regions like India (Hampson, 1892).

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Fig.19; iSilkwormilarva


5th Larva makes fast round movements of its head. The movements are at the rate of 65
movements per minute. During this time it is spinning its cocoon. Larval stage comprises of pair
of silk glands, which are completely developed, about 4 times the body length and folded
extremely in hind gut. Silk glands are also called as labial glands. Silk glands are homologous to
salivary glands. Interiorly, each gland opens into salivary duct . Both ducts unite and open at the
tip of spinneret (Frankel and Brown, 1983).

Table.3; iStages iof ilife icycle

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Fig.20; iSilk iGland
Silk Glands:

Silk glands are composed of single layer of secretory cells bearing branched nuclei. These cells
are internally lined by cuticle and externally by peritoneal membrane. Silk gland has 3 parts:
anterior silk gland comprising of 250 cells, middle silk gland consisting of 300 cells and posterior
silk gland consisting of 500 cells (Hirobe, 1968).
 Anterior part- no secretory function
 Middle part- secrete sericin
 Posterior part- secrete fibroin


Silk secretion

60-70% fibroin is secreted:

It is tough, elastic and insoluble and makes the core of the filaments in the form of brins (Frankel
and Brown, 1983).
20-25% sericin is secreted:

It is gelatinous (gummy), hot water soluble protein which holds the brins together.

“Denier” is a weight in gram of 900m long silk thread. The size of a normal cocoon is 1.8 to 3
deniers (Frankel and Brown, 1983).

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REARING OF SILK WORMS

Selection of Silkworm Race:

Multi-voltine race which complete 5-6 life cycles per year is mostly selected. Non-hibernating
eggs; univoltine and bivoltine race also reared in India (Lea, 1998).
Silkworm Seed Production:

Hybrids of multi-voltine and bivoltine are reared for business because of its superior quality and
huge quantity of eggs (Lea, 1998).
Grainages:

These are the places where seeds are produced at large scales. The cocoons which are selected
are healthy and of pure race. These cocoons are then preserved at 23-25°C in wooden trays at 70-
80%RH. After their emergence, females are transferred to plastic trays. They are then allowed to
copulate with males of desired race under black cloth for 3 hours. Within 12 hours, female lays
400-600 eggs (Lea, 1998).
TECHNICAL DIVISION

This division is linked with the extraction and purification of silk fibers which are got through
cocoon. This is the last step for sericulture. This is the energy consuming and time consuming
step. In this step, only 30-40% cocoon of the rearing tray are allowed to complete their life-cycle.
The rest are used for obtaining silk fibers. This is the post-cocoon process. 1kg of silk equate to
5500-6000 cocoons.
REELING OF SILK

Harvesting is removing and selecting operation of cocoons. Cocoons are selected from
mountages. It also involves selling them to market or to transport to reeling industry (Hampson,
1892).
Reeling: Removal of silk thread is called reeling. About 58% of the silk in each cocoon is
reeled. The remainder is used as silk waste and is formed into spun silk. Raw silk is boiled,
scoured, steamed and purified, described as follows:
 Cocoon drying: Killing of cocoons is done by applying steam. It is done to kill pupae so
that intact cocoon can be used for reeling. Hot air stifling and sun drying is also very
common methods of cocoon drying.
 Cocoon boiling: It is a common method for swelling and softening. It also refers to
dissolution and removal of sericin and gum . It is purified by acid and fermentation .

24. 24
Fig.21; iProcessiofisilk imaking
 Brushing: By the help of brushing the outer surface of cocoons, the free end of silk
filament is recognized. It is the vital operation for reeling the entire intact thread.
 Reeling methods: Unwinding of silk thread from cocoon is done by country charkha.

The free ends of silk filament which are comprised of 5-10 cocoons are taken together. They are
then fixed on reeling device. Then they are twisted and rolled into a single thick thread. The silk
obtained by this process is called spun silk (Hirobe, 1968).


IMPORTANCE of SERICULTURE:

Following here is the importance of Sericulture:

 Sericulture plays an important role in poverty alleviation as a cottage industry.
 It is the most profitable business in rural areas.
 Availability of very good technology at very low cost.

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 There is large demand and popularity of hand woven silk in the west.
 On festive occasions, silk is strong domestic demand.
 Scope for creating the large production units and organized part (Frankel and Brown,
1983).
CONCLUSION:

Insect relation with human beings cannot be ignored. A study is conducted on beneficial
importance of insects. According to this study only 1% insects are harmful. Insects had played
and are still playing very important role in Medicine; Poultice made by meshing the body parts of
Grasshopper (Orthoptera) to cure Migraine. Food: some countries including China use insects as
protein substitute for diet. Aesthetic value of it is that as artists (pottery makers, jeweler) get
inspiration from colored pattern of wings of Butterfly. Insects also act as scavengers. They help in
decaying of dead plants and animals. Example; Blowflies feed on dead animals. They act as
environmental indicator; caddis fly can only live in fresh water which means less population of
caddis fly identifies water pollution. The most important one is pollination of flowers by insects
which leads female plant to grow fruits. Hence Insects are crucial Components of an ecosystem.
Economically, Insects are categorized into various Entomological Industries such as Sericulture
which is an “Art of rearing of Silkworms to produce silk”, Apiculture; “Art of rearing of
Honeybees to get Honey and other products” and Lac Culture; “Art of rearing of Lac Insects for
Lac cultivation” (Bruford, 1993).

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REFERENCES:

 Chattopadhyay, S. 2011. Introduction to Lac and Lac culture. Department of forest and
biology and tree improvement faculty of Forestry. Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi.
 Negi, P.S. 1956. Improved methods of lac cultivation, I.L.R.I. Bulletin no. 76, 11 pp.
 Norris, D., Glover,P.M. and Aldis, R.W. 1934. Lac and the Indian Lac Research Institute,
Namkum.
 Pal, G., Bhattacharya, A and Jaiswal A.K. 1998. Lac production and processing
assessment. I.C.A.R.News, 13 (4) : 4.
 Sen P., Maurya, R.C. and Gokulpure,R.C. 1981. On some hosts of lac insects, Kerria lacca
(Kerr). Indian Forester. 107 (9) : 583- 584.
 Tewari, D.N. 1994. Tropical Forest Produce. International Book Distributors Publ.,Dehra
Dun, 665pp.
 Sharma, K.K., Jaiswal, A.K., Kumar, K.K., 2006. Role of lac culture in biodiversity
conservation: issue at stake and conservation strategy. Current Science 91 (7), 894e898
 Graham, J M (1992) The hive and the honey bee. Dadant and Sons, Hamilton, IIIinois.
 Mishra R.C. (1995) Honey bees and their management in India. ICAR Publication, New
Delhi.
 Singh, S. (1971) Beekeeping in India, ICAR publication.
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