environment disaster management concpt and application

ENVIRONMENT DISASTER MANAGEMENT , CONCEPT AND APPLICATION

1. ENVIRONMENT DISASTERMANAGEMENT CONCEPT AND APPLICATION SUBMITTED BY, TESSA RAJU M.Sc.ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE - S3

2. Disaster .What is disaster ? “A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area”. (W.H.O.) “A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or manmade that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance”. American Red Cross (ARC) ’

3. Disaster Management The body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities that pertain to various stages of a disaster at all levels . An applied science which seeks, by systemic observation and analysis of disasters, to improve measures relating to prevention, emergency response, recovery and mitigation . Encompasses all aspects of planning for, and responding to disasters, including both pre and post disaster activities.  

4. Disaster Management A continuous and integrated process of planning, organizing, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for- ● Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster . ● Reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences. ● Capacity-building . ● Preparedness to deal with any disaster. ● Prompt response to any threatening disa - ster situation or disaster. ● Assessing the severity or ma- gnitude of effects of any disaster. ● Evacuation, rescue and relief . ● Rehabilitation and reconstruction .

5. TYPES OF DISASTERS 1 . Natural Disasters Natural disasters are large-scale geological or meteorological events that have the potential to cause loss of life or property. These types of disasters include: Tornadoes and Severe Storms Hurricanes and Tropical Storms Floods Wildfires Earthquakes Drought Severe storms and floods are the most common types of natural disasters reported in the United States. These meteorological events are occasionally preceded by presidential “emergency declarations” requiring state and local planning prior to the event, such as evacuations and protection of public assets.

6. Tornadoes are outgrowths of powerful thunderstorms that appear as rotating, funnel-shaped clouds. They extend from a thunderstorm to the ground with violent winds that average 30 miles per hour. Also, they can vary in speed dramatically from being stationary to 70 miles per hour. With a loud roar that sounds similar to a freight train, tornadoes in the United States typically are 500 feet across and travel on the ground for five miles. Every state is at some risk from tornadoes and the severe storms that produce them. These same destructive storms also cause strong gusts of wind, lightning strikes, and  flash floods . TORNADOES AND SEVERE STORMS

7. Hurricanes are types of tropical storms that form in the southern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and eastern Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes affect millions of people who live along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts each year. Parts of the Southwest United States and the Pacific Coast can also experience severe weather associated withhurricanes,whichinclude   tornadoes ,  floods , and heavy winds. HURRICANES AND TROPICAL STORMS

8. FLOOD Floods are one of the most common hazards in the United States . They occur when land that is normally dry experiences an overflow of water. Several events cause floods, including  hurricanes and tropical storms , failed dams or levees, and flash floods that occur within a few minutes or hours of excessive rainfall. Although coastal areas are more vulnerable to floods, particularly during hurricane season, they can occur anywhere and can vary in size and duration. Even very small streams, gullies, and creeks that may appear harmless in dry weather can flood. The physical destruction of a flood can vary, with some carrying away everything in its path, including houses, bridges, cars, and even people who may be trapped or wading in water. Further, the economic loss from hazardous flood conditions can be significant.

9. WILDFIRES Wildfires are usually triggered by lightning or accidents and often go unnoticed at first. They can spread quickly and are especially destructive if they occur near forests, rural areas, remote mountain sites, and other woodland settings where people live. While not reported as often as  floods  or  tornadoes and severe storms , they, too, can cause emotional distress in people living in affected areas. In 2013, more than 47,500 wildfires were reported in the United States. They destroyed thousands of structures, including about 1,100 homes, and burned more than 4 million acres of land.

10. DROUGHT A drought is a normal, reoccurring weather event that can vary in intensity and duration by region of the country and even by location within a state. Drought occurs when there is lower than average precipitation over a significant period of time, usually a season or more. Other causes of drought can be a delay in the rainy season or the timing of rain in relation to crop growth. Drought is a slow-moving hazardous event, so the psychological effects of living through this type of disaster are more subtle and last longer than with other natural disasters. Low water availability creates shortages in water supplies that impact various activities and the environment. The impact is even greater as humans place demands on water supplies. Additionally, drought conditions increase the risk of other natural disasters, such as  wildfires , and landslides.

11. EARTHQUAKE An earthquake is the shifting of the Earth’s plates, which results in a sudden shaking of the ground that can last for a few seconds to a few minutes. Within seconds, mild initial shaking can strengthen and become violent. Earthquakes happen without warning and can happen at any time of year. Certain states are more prone to higher frequency of earthquakes, particularly California, Hawaii, Nevada, and Washington. Earthquakes are quite common and occur somewhere around the world every day. However, the vast majority are considered minor. The U.S. Geological Survey in 2015 reported more than 3,000 earthquakes in the United States.Even minor earthquakes that cause little damage and destruction can cause people to experience emotional distress .

12. MAN-MADE DISASTERS Anthropogenic hazards are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted with natural hazards. Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect humans, other organisms, biomes, and ecosystems. The frequency and severity of hazards are key elements in some risk analysis methodologies . 6 Worst Man-Made Disasters in History 1) Bhopal Gas Tragedy, India: 2) Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Gulf of Mexico: 3) Chernobyl Meltdown, Ukraine: 4) Fukushima Meltdown, Japan: 5) Global Warming 6 ) Rape of the Amazon

13. What are man-made disasters ? Man-made disasters are extreme hazardous events that are caused by human beings. Some examples of man-made disaster emergencies include  chemical spills, hazardous material spills, explosions, chemical or biological attacks, nuclear blast, train accidents, plane crashes , or groundwater contamination . CHEMICAL SPILL Hazardous material spills can occur on  land or in water . They involve substances such as chemicals, radiation, biohazard materials, oil and gas, propane, flammable materials, industrial products and mixed waste.

14. Spills may occur in a  lab manufacturing chemicals  or in a nuclear power facility. Sometimes they occur on the road when large trucks transporting these materials overturn. Trains carrying hazardous material can derail, spilling their conten ts. Biological attack ? If a person deliberately releases a virus or bacteria that can lead to sickness or death , this is known as a biological attack. Anthrax could be used as a bioterrorism weapon because it is easy to produce . CHEMICAL ATTACK ? Nerve gas, tear gas and pepper spray are three modern examples of chemical weapons. Widely used during the World War I, the effects of so-called mustard gas, phosgene gas and others caused lung searing, blindness, death and maiming.

15. I . NATURAL DISASTER Meteorological disaster Floods Tsunami Cyclone Hurricane Typhoon Snow storm Blizzard Hail storm b) Topographical disaster Earthquake Volcanic eruptions Landslide and Avalanches Asteroid Limnic eruptions C ) Environmental disaster Global warming Ozone depletion UVB radiation El- nino Southern oscillation Solar flare

16. II . MAN MADE DISASTER Technological Transport failure Public place failure Fire b ) Industrial Chemical spills Radioactive spills Warfare War Terrorism Internal conflicts Civil unrest CBRNE

17. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of government. Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day purpose. Organizations should function as an extension of their core business Individuals are responsible for their own safety. Disaster management planning should focus on large-scale events. DM planning should recognize the difference between incidents and disasters. DM planning must take account of the type of physical environment and the structure of the population. DM arrangements must recognize the involvement and potential role of non- government agencies

18. PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

19. This phase includes actions taken to prevent or reduce the cause, impact, and consequences of disasters. Examples of hazard mitigation include: Tying down homes or barns with ground anchors to withstand wind damage Digging water channels to redirect water and planting vegetation to absorb water Constructing levees or permanent barriers to control flooding Reinforcing fencing to prevent animal escapes Buying insurance policies

20. PREPAREDNESS This phase includes planning, training, and educational activities for events that cannot be mitigated. Examples include: Developing disaster preparedness plans for what to do, where to go, or who to call for help in a disaster Exercising plans through drills, tabletop exercises, and full- scale exercises Creating a supply list of items that are useful in a disaster Walking around a farm and identifying possible vulnerabilities to high winds

21. RESPONSE The response phase occurs in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. During the response phase, business and other operations do not function normally. Personal safety and wellbeing in an emergency and the duration of the response phase depend on the level of preparedness. Examples of response activities include: Implementing disaster response plans Conducting search and rescue missions Taking actions to protect yourself, your family, your animals, and others Addressing public perceptions about food safety

22. RECOVERY During the recovery period, restoration efforts occur concurrently with regular operations and activities. The recovery period from a disaster can be prolonged. Examples of recovery activities include: Preventing or reducing stress-related illnesses and excessive financial burdens Rebuilding damaged structures based on advanced knowledge obtained from the preceding disaster Reducing vulnerability to future disasters

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