Enzymes application and case sudy.pptxReusability without being consumed in reactions.

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.
Essential for various biochemical processes.
Basic characteristics:
Specificity for substrates.
Ability to function under mild conditions (temperature, pH).
Reusability without being consumed in reactions.

1. Enzymes and their application Rasika 22BBT10189 Priyanka 22BBT10168 Sushmita 22BBT10144

2. Enzymes Enzymes are biological molecules, typically proteins, that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. They work by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, allowing biological processes to proceed more efficiently. Key features of enzymes: Catalytic action : Speed up reactions without being consumed. Specificity : Each enzyme typically acts on a particular substrate or type of reaction. Efficiency : Can significantly accelerate reaction rates. Regulation : Enzyme activity can be regulated by factors such as temperature, pH, or inhibitors.

3. IMPORTANCE IN FOOD INDUSTRY Enzymes play a crucial role in the food industry, enhancing production processes, improving product quality, and making food processing more efficient. Their specific and catalytic properties allow them to perform various functions in food manufacturing, from enhancing flavor to improving texture and extending shelf life. Here are the key reasons enzymes are important in the food industry: 1. Improving Digestibility and Nutritional Value Lactase : Used in the production of lactose-free products, making dairy accessible to lactose-intolerant individuals. Proteases : Break down proteins in meat tenderization and improve digestibility in products like infant formula.

4. 2. Enhancing Flavor and Texture Amylases : Break down starches into sugars in baking, helping bread rise, improving its texture, and extending freshness. Lipases : Modify fats in dairy products (like cheese) to enhance flavor profiles, such as in cheese maturation. 3. Processing Efficiency Pectinase : Used in fruit juice extraction and clarification, increasing juice yield and reducing cloudiness. Cellulase : Helps break down plant cell walls, making it easier to extract juice from fruits and vegetables, improving efficiency.

5. 4. Baking Industry Amylases : Improve dough handling, extend shelf life, and enhance crumb structure in baked goods. Xylanases : Improve dough properties and water absorption, leading to lighter and softer baked products. 5. Brewing and Fermentation Proteases and Amylases : Aid in beer production by breaking down proteins and starches, ensuring clarity and flavor consistency. Invertase : Breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose in the production of candies and syrups, improving sweetness. 6. Dairy Industry Rennet (Chymosin) : A protease enzyme crucial in cheese-making that coagulates milk, separating curds from whey. Lipase : Adds specific flavors to cheeses by breaking down milk fats during aging.

6. Case Study Lipase CalB for omega’3 ethyl esters Omega-3 fatty acids are often derived from marine fish, microbial, and/or algal oils. Such sources typically provide the PUFA in a triglyceride form where other undesired fatty acids (e.g. saturated fatty acids) are present alongside a desired PUFA in the triglyceride molecule. The food industry is focusing efforts on modifying the composition of omega-3 fish oils to improve organoleptic and bioavailability properties. Ocean Nutrition Canada Ltd. reported a method of modification of omega-3 fish oils using immobilized lipase from  Thermomyces lanuginosus  (EC 3.1.1.3.) for hydrolysis of the glyceride, followed by a separation of the free saturated fatty acids FFA from the glycerides and a final enzymatic esterification of the hydrolyzed glyceride by immobilized CalB with a polyunsaturated fatty acid in water free medium. The whole process is intended to increase the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid in an oil composition. DSM has reported the use of immobilized CalB for the esterification and consequent reduction of PUFA in fish oils. In the DSM process, FFA fish oil and glycerol were added to a fixed-bed enzyme reactor able to process 4000 and 8000 Kg per run, using immobilized CalB on polymeric beads based on styrene/divinyl benzene (XAD-1180). The system was heated at 70 °C for a reaction cycle of 24 h and final composition was 15% FFA and 85% triglyceride.

7. Pharmaceuticals and Biosensor Enzymes play a crucial role in the pharmaceutical industry, offering several benefits that impact drug development, production, and therapeutic applications. Here are the key reasons why enzymes are important in this industry: 1. Drug Synthesis and Production Biocatalysts for Green Chemistry : Enzymes enable the development of eco-friendly and efficient production processes for drug synthesis, known as "green chemistry." They can reduce the need for harmful chemicals and high-energy processes. 2. Therapeutic Applications Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) : As Direct Therapeutics : Enzymes are used as drugs themselves. For example: Streptokinase and Urokinase : Used to dissolve blood clots in the treatment of heart attacks and strokes.

8. 4. Diagnostics and Research Diagnostic Enzymes : Enzymes such as glucose oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase are used in diagnostic assays and biosensors to detect conditions like diabetes or liver function abnormalities. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) : Enzymes are used in laboratory tests for the detection of antigens, antibodies, and proteins, essential for disease diagnosis and drug testing. 5. Biotechnology and Personalized Medicine Gene Therapy and Enzyme Engineering : Enzymes can be engineered to treat genetic disorders, or they can be used in gene editing technologies like CRISPR to alter DNA in precise ways. Personalized Drug Development : Enzymes play a role in pharmacogenomics, where understanding how enzymes metabolize drugs helps in creating personalized medication plans based on an individual’s enzyme profile.

9. Enzymes play a crucial role in biosensors due to their high specificity, efficiency, and ability to catalyze biochemical reactions under mild conditions. Biosensors are analytical devices that combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector to detect the presence of substances. Enzymes are commonly used as the biological recognition element in these sensors. Here's why enzymes are important in biosensors: 1. High Specificity Enzymes are highly specific to their substrates, allowing biosensors to detect target molecules (such as glucose, lactate, or urea) with great precision. This specificity reduces interference from other substances and enhances the sensor's accuracy. 2. Catalytic Properties Enzymes speed up the reactions between the sensor and the target analyte. This catalytic function enhances the biosensor's responsiveness and enables real-time monitoring of biochemical processes.

10. 3. Sensitivity Enzymatic reactions often result in measurable byproducts (such as electrons, protons, or other chemical markers) that can be easily detected by the sensor. This makes enzyme-based biosensors highly sensitive to even small concentrations of the analyte. 5. Wide Range of Applications Enzyme-based biosensors are used in various fields: Medical diagnostics : Glucose biosensors for monitoring blood sugar levels in diabetic patients (e.g., glucose oxidase-based sensors). Environmental monitoring : Detecting pollutants or toxins in water and soil samples. Food industry : Monitoring fermentation processes, food freshness, or contamination. 6. Fast Response Time The catalytic nature of enzymes enables a fast reaction to the presence of the analyte, resulting in quick detection and response times. This is vital for applications that require immediate results, such as glucose monitoring in diabetes management. Example: Glucose Biosensor In glucose biosensors, the enzyme glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. This reaction generates an electrical signal that can be measured to determine glucose concentration.

11. Case study Enzyme-based biosensors represent a major application of immobilized enzymes, not only in medicine and clinical diagnostics but also in food, food safety, agricultural industries as well as environmental monitoring  Urease in medical devices Urease (EC 3.5.1.5) is a highly specific enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to ammonium and carbon dioxide . Applications of the urease are various, ranging from the hydrolysis and removal of urea in waste water effluents, beverages and foods, to more specialized and sophisticated usage, such as the removal of urea from blood for extracorporeal detoxification or in the dialysate regeneration system for artificial kidneys.

12. Urea is a major metabolic end product and its removal has been a major problem for patients suffering from renal failure Immobilized urease can be used in the dialysis system of an artificial kidney machine to remove the urea. The introduction of immobilized urease allowed for the small, portable dialysis machines based on sorbent regenerative dialysis systems to be manufactured. Several varying approaches have been tried in the past for urea removal, and there is currently renewed interest in a number of new alternative approaches. Looking at the urease-cation exchanger approach, there are several technologies that can be mentioned: the sorb system which is a conventional divalent-selective cation exchanger employed by Sorb, Renal Solutions Inc. Fresenius Medical Care, the zeolite ( alumino -silicate) monovalent-selective cation exchanger, the Zirconium silicate: crystalline monovalent- selective cation exchanger, a resin-based system is used by Baxter. Other approaches such as at Exxon are using urease and liquid membrane acid-filled micro-capsules.

13. Cancer Research and Treatment Enzymes play a crucial role in the cancer industry, particularly in cancer research, diagnosis, and treatment. Their importance spans multiple areas: 1. Cancer Diagnosis and Biomarkers: Enzymatic Biomarkers : Certain enzymes are overexpressed or uniquely active in cancer cells, making them useful as biomarkers for cancer detection and diagnosis. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is an enzyme commonly elevated in prostate cancer. Enzyme-based diagnostic tests : Enzyme activity assays are used to detect cancer-related enzymes in body fluids, aiding in early cancer detection and monitoring.

14. 2. Enzymes in Cancer Metabolism: Cancer cells often exhibit altered metabolism known as the Warburg effect , where they rely heavily on glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. Enzymes involved in metabolic pathways, like hexokinase or lactate dehydrogenase , become targets for cancer treatment, as their inhibition can disrupt cancer cell energy production. Understanding enzyme-mediated metabolic changes in cancer cells helps in developing new strategies to starve cancer cells or reduce their proliferation. 3. Enzymes as Therapeutic Targets: Many enzymes that are crucial for cancer cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. Tyrosine kinases , for instance, are a class of enzymes often implicated in cancer signaling pathways. Drugs like imatinib (Gleevec) , which target these enzymes, have revolutionized the treatment of cancers such as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).

15. Enzymes in Cancer Immunotherapy: Enzymes play a role in modulating the immune response to cancer. For instance, IDO (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) is an enzyme that tumors use to evade immune detection by suppressing immune cell function. Inhibiting such enzymes can enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells.

16. Casestudy