Enzymes In Diseases

1. MEDICAL APPLICATION OF MEDICAL APPLICATION OF
ENZYMESENZYMES
HARIS PHARIS P
MSC BIOTECHNOLOGYMSC BIOTECHNOLOGY
MA COLLEGE MA COLLEGE
ERNAKULAMERNAKULAM

2. Medical ApplicationMedical Application
►For enzyme therapy.For enzyme therapy.
►For clinical diagnosis.For clinical diagnosis.
►For diseases of liver, kidney, heart etc.For diseases of liver, kidney, heart etc.
►For enzyme deficiency diseases.For enzyme deficiency diseases.
►For determination of metabolites.For determination of metabolites.
►Enzyme immuno assay.Enzyme immuno assay.

3. THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION
Enzyme Reaction use
aAmylase Starch
hydrolysis
Diagestive
disorders
Collagena
se
Collagen
hydrolysis
Skin ulcers
Ficin,
Papain,
Proteinase
Protein
hydrolysis
Deworming,
digestive
-disorders,na
rcotic tissue
removal
Glutamina
se
GlnGlu Leukemia
Aspargina
se
AsnAsp Leukemia
Lysozyme Bacterial CW
hydrolysis
As Antibiotics
Bilirubin
oxidase
Bilirubin
hydroxylase
hyperbilirubin
emia
Enzyme Reaction Use
Rhodanase Degradation of
cyanide
Cyanide
poisoing
RNase RNA digestionAntiviral RNA
hydrolysis
b lactamasePencillinPenc
illoate
Pencillin
allergy
Streptokinase/
urokinase
Plasminogen
plasmin
Blood clot
dissolving
uricase UAallatoin Gout
Hyaluronidase ?HUA
hydrolysis
Viral infection
SOD 2O2+2H+H2
O2+O2
antioxidant/antii
nflammatory
urease Urea hydrolysisHyperureamia
Arginase Arginine
hydrolysis
Cancer

4. ENZYMES IN DISEASESENZYMES IN DISEASES
OrganOrgan EnzymesEnzymes DiseasesDiseases
LiverLiver
ALP,GDH,SGOT,SGPT,Glutamyl ALP,GDH,SGOT,SGPT,Glutamyl
Tranferasess,Glutathione S Tranferases,Tranferasess,Glutathione S Tranferases,
Viral/toxic hepatitis Viral/toxic hepatitis
or cirrhosis, or cirrhosis,
myocardial myocardial
infraction,jaundice,infraction,jaundice,
HeartHeart
Creatne Kinases,LDH, AST/ALT,Creatne Kinases,LDH, AST/ALT, Myocardial Myocardial
InfractionInfraction,,skelital skelital
muscle disorders.muscle disorders.
Other Other
diseasesdiseases
Amylases,Aldolases,TG Amylases,Aldolases,TG
Lipases,CK,ALP,ACP,Choline Lipases,CK,ALP,ACP,Choline
Esterases,HMG CO A Reductases,Xanthine Esterases,HMG CO A Reductases,Xanthine
Oxidases,Oxidases,
GIT disorders, GIT disorders,
jaundice,bone jaundice,bone
diseases, rickets,diseases, rickets,

5. Enzyme Deficiency DisordersEnzyme Deficiency Disorders
►Genetic mutation Genetic mutation loss of enz activity\loss of enz activity\
►Increased amount of substrate in serumIncreased amount of substrate in serum
►Prenatal diagnosis in amniotic fluidPrenatal diagnosis in amniotic fluid
►Enzyme therapy for EDD likeEnzyme therapy for EDD like
GalactosemiaGalactosemia
Glu.6.phosphate dehydrogenaseGlu.6.phosphate dehydrogenase
Chole esterasesChole esterases
PhenylketonuriaPhenylketonuria
Albinism,alkaptonuria etc.Albinism,alkaptonuria etc.

6. ENZYME DEFICIENCY DISEASESENZYME DEFICIENCY DISEASES
DiseasesDiseases EnzymeEnzyme
Gout (X linked Gout (X linked
recessive)recessive)
PRPP SynthasePRPP Synthase
Lesch Nyhan SyndromLesch Nyhan Syndrom hypoxanthine-
guanine-
Phosphoribosyl
transferase
Cystic fibrosisCystic fibrosis DNaseDNase
Alcaptonuria Homogentisate Homogentisate
oxidaseoxidase
Maple syrup urine
disease
(various forms
Branched-chain
ketoacid
dehydrogenase
Immunoinsufficiency(Immunoinsufficiency(
autosomal Recessive)
AdenosinedeaminAdenosinedeamin
asease
Disease Enzyme
Tay-Sachs diseasehexosaminidase A
Krabbe's disease b-galactosidase
Niemann-Pick
disease
sphingomyelinase
Farber's disease ceramidase
Fabry's disease a-galactosidase
Alcaptonuria homogentisate
oxidase
Gauchers deseaseGauchers desease b-glucosidase
Lactose
intolerance
Lactase

7. Use of Enzymes in determination of Use of Enzymes in determination of
Metabolites of clinical importanceMetabolites of clinical importance
►Blood GlucoseBlood GlucoseGlucose OxidaseGlucose Oxidase
►Uric acidUric acidUrate oxidaseUrate oxidase
►UreaUreaUreaseUrease
►ChlolesterolChlolesterolcholesterol oxidasecholesterol oxidase
►CreatininCreatininCK, AmmoniaCK, AmmoniaGDH,GDH,
►EthanolEthanolADH, LactateADH, LactateLDH,etc.LDH,etc.

8. Enzyme inhibitors & Drug DesignEnzyme inhibitors & Drug Design
Drug/InhibitorDrug/Inhibitor EnzymeEnzyme DiseaseDisease
Mevinolin, Copactin, Mevinolin, Copactin,
MonacolkMonacolk
HMG CoA ReductaseHMG CoA Reductase HypercholesteremiaHypercholesteremia
Penicillins & antibioticsPenicillins & antibioticsPeptidyl transferase, Peptidyl transferase,
RNA polumerases,DNA RNA polumerases,DNA
Polymerases etc.Polymerases etc.
Infections after Infections after
Surgery,Other Surgery,Other
infectious diseasesinfectious diseases
AllopurineAllopurine Xanthine OxidasesXanthine OxidasesGout, HyperureamiaGout, Hyperureamia
HIV Protease HIV Protease
InhibitorsInhibitors
HIV ProteasesHIV Proteases AIDSAIDS
MethotrexateMethotrexate Folate reductaseFolate reductase Cancer,infections Cancer,infections
EthanolEthanol Alcohol Alcohol
DehydrogenaseDehydrogenase
Methanol poisoning,Methanol poisoning,

10. CANCER THERAPYCANCER THERAPY
PRODRUG DRUG ENZYME
Methotrexate aphe. methotrexate Carboxy peptidase A
Etoposide phosphate Etoposide ALP
rN bis 2-chloroehyl
aminobezoyl glu.
Benzoic acid mustard Carboxypeptidase-G2
Mtomycin phosphate mitomycin ALP
Aniline mustard
glucuronide
Aniline mustar Glucuronidase
5-flurrocytosine 5-flurouracinl Cytosine deaminase
2 L aamino acyl
methotrexate
mmethotrexate aminopeptidase

11. Assay of Plasma EnzymesAssay of Plasma Enzymes
►Should have a normal range in the plasmaShould have a normal range in the plasma
►Elevated levels are seen in diseasesElevated levels are seen in diseases
►Increased levels due to tissue damage, Increased levels due to tissue damage,
cellular proliferation,necrosis,decreased cellular proliferation,necrosis,decreased
clearance by kidney,etc.clearance by kidney,etc.
►Tissue specific isoenzymes Tissue specific isoenzymes location of location of
damaged tissuedamaged tissue
► used in forensic science.used in forensic science.

12. ENZYME IMMUNO ASSAYENZYME IMMUNO ASSAY
►Indirect method for measuring the concentration Indirect method for measuring the concentration
of substrateof substrate
►Enzymes are used as a type of amplification Enzymes are used as a type of amplification
systemsystem
►Can measure conc. Of hormones, drugs, antigenic Can measure conc. Of hormones, drugs, antigenic
determinants of pathogens etc.determinants of pathogens etc.
►Based on the specificity of ag-ab reactionBased on the specificity of ag-ab reaction
►Eg:ELISA,Eg:ELISA,
►Greater specificity, stability, sensitivity, avoiding Greater specificity, stability, sensitivity, avoiding
radioactive subtances than RIAradioactive subtances than RIA