Eocanthecona furcellata

PREDATOR - Eocanthecona furcelluta

1. PRESENTED BY – SHILPA C BA1TAE071 Eocanthecona furcellata - THE PREDATOR 28-07-2020 1

2. WHAT IS A PREDATOR ???? An insect which feed upon other prey/pest (egg/larvae/adult)that is usually smaller and weaker than itself . WHY DO WE NEED PREDATOR ???? These are entomophagous insects, benificial insects (one of the component of IPM - biological control),which by predatism kills the pest and put down the pest population and protects the crop from pest causing economic damage to crop. 28-07-2020 2

3. Eocanthecona furcellata - THE PREDATOR 28-07-2020 3

4. Preferred scientific name – Eocanthecona furcellata ( wolff ) Other scientific name – Canthecona furcellata Wolff Cantheconidea furcellata Wolff Taxonomic Tree – Domain : Eukaryota Kingdom : Metazoa Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order:Hemiptera Suborder : Heteroptera Family : Pentatomidae Genus : Eocanthecona Species :furcellata 28-07-2020 4

5. DISTRIBUTION MAP – South east Asian countries –India ,Thailand, Indonasia , Taiwan and parts of Japan 28-07-2020 5

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7. Eocanthecona furcellata is a polyphagous predator 28-07-2020 7

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13. 28-07-2020 13 TYPE OF MOUTH – PIERCING AND SUCKING In hemipterans , their is a beak which is modified mandibles and maxillae form the stylets which is sheathed within labium Outer stylets are derived from mandibles – used for piercing Inner stylets are derived from maxillae - used for sucking by inserting into punctures caused by mandibles. Maxillae is double grooved on the inner surface , when held together froms channel . The ventral salivary channel - outward movement of saliva. The dorsal food channel – inward movement of liquid food. Both the channels are powered by subsantial dilator muscles in the head. The beak is usually folded under the body when not in use They inject enzymes ( amylases , polygalacturonase , proteinases)to begin digestion extraorally .

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18. 28-07-2020 18 By : C.J. Khune and D.R.Ganvir . International Journal of Researches in Biosciences,Agriculture and Technology , Vol II , Issue( 7 ), Nov 2015 : 234-238. Topic : Biology and predatory nature of stink bug : E.furcellata a major pest of tasar silkworm , Antheraea mylitta , in Vidarbha region of Maharastra ,India From this we can know the life cycle , biology of E. furcellata

19. Egg : 28-07-2020 19 Freshly laid eggs are round in shape , milky white in colour, later upper portion turns silvery in colour. Before hatching the eggs are reddish in colour. Incubation period :8-10 days Single egg measured : 1 mm in length.

20. Nymph : (15-25 days , Avg 20 days) 1 st instar 28-07-2020 20 Duration : 3-5 days. Measures : 1 mm in length. Nymph hatched by breaking the dorsal surface of egg. Newly hatched nymphs are reddish yellow in colour, which slowly turned to blackish red. Neonates were gregarious in nature. These feed on 1 st and 2 nd instar larvae.

21. 2 nd instar 28-07-2020 21 Duration :3-5 days. Measures : 2.3 mm. Gregarious in nature. Red in colour. Feeds on 1 st and 2 nd instar larvae till the larvae die.

22. 3 rd instar 28-07-2020 22 Duration : 2-4 days. Measures : 4.5 mm. Dark red in colour. Solitary in nature. Feed on 1 st , 2 nd , and 3 rd instar larvae .

23. 4 th instar 28-07-2020 23 Duration : 3-5 days. Measures :7.3 mm. Solitary in nature. Dark red with some yellow , white lining observed on dorsal surface. Suck from haemolymph from 3 rd and onwards larvae.

24. 5 th instar 28-07-2020 24 Duration : solitary in nature. Measures : 8.2 mm. Feed more than other instar , sometimes it feed on larvae engaged with cocoon formation/ going to pupa stage.

25. Adult 28-07-2020 25 Male : Duration : 11-24 days , Avg 18 days. Measures : 10.7 mm. More active than female. Smaller than female. Female: Duration : 24-32 days. Measures : 12.9 mm. Larger than males.

26. 28-07-2020 26 For sucking haemolymph of the host larvae the adult of E.furcellata approach slowly from back side of larvae and insect pierce the rostrum and suck the sap.

27. 28-07-2020 27 Mating behaviour and oviposition Mating duration : 10-13 hr. Newly emerged adult cannot copulate immediately, pre copulation period varied from 5-7 days. Male adult responded to female call and move slowly with vibrating wings. Male adult bug climb over on female with vibrating wing. Then both the sexes remained stationary in opposite direction in end to end direction Female mated only once in her lifetime, but sometime twice. Female oviposited after sometime of copulation. Eggs were laid in 3-4 rows in small batches . Oviposition :11-19 days. Egg laying capacity : 17-45eggs /batch. 125- 384 eggs/female.

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29. 28-07-2020 29 Result : Total life span of male : 26-50 days female : 39-58 days. Advantages of E . furcellata Can be easily reared in the laboratory Nymph and adult live of long duration ,so they can feed upon more pest population Has more egg laying capacity for building up population

30. 28-07-2020 30 MASS REARING OF E .furcellata ( 1 ) Journal of entamology and zoology studies 2016:4(3):338-340 By E Arockia lenin and S Jesu rajan Topic – Biology of predatory bug Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff on Corcyra cephalonica Staintion ( Rice meal moth ) Biology of E.furcellata has been done on many insect pest ,but there is no report on the laboratory host Corcyra cephalonica Observation: Adult predators have not preferred more larvae than nymphal instar . Hence , Corcyra cephalonica can be used as an alternative host to rear N 1 ,N 2 , N 3 , N 4 , N 5 instar than adult of E . furcellata when main host is not available

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32. 28-07-2020 32 MASS REARING OF E .furcellata ( 2 ) Journal of entomology and zoology studies 2018:6(2):3007-3010 By K Vanitha ,T N Raviprasad , and V Shewtha Topic – Life cycle of Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff a predatory bug in cashew plantation, upon rearing on wax moth larvae. Conclusion : That wax moth larvae can be very well used as prey insects for successful mass rearing of E .furcellata. The characters like shorter life cycle , higher fecundity , high survival and feasibility of group rearing of E. furcellata are favourable features for biocontrol agents especially as predators. Hence , these are suitable for biological control programmes of leaf and flower eating caterpillar of cashew and could be integrated in possible IPM .

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36. 28-07-2020 36 By R Senrayan Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.),vol.97,No. 4 ,July 1998, pp339-345 Topic – Functional response of E . furellata in relation to its prey density and defence with reference to its prey Latoia lepida Prey consumption rate by the predator at different prey densities. Influence of prey defence on functional response of the predator. Observation : E .furcellata is an active predator and it attacks the prey in spite of violent resistence of prey Prey density – the total time (t) during which prey are exposed to predation =20 days the number of prey killed increases with the prey density (x) = 32 Prey consumed(y) I instar II instar III instar IV instar V instar Defenseless prey 91 69 52 42 34 Free prey 90 68 45 35 29

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38. 28-07-2020 38 Prey defence – K – maximum predation at highest prey density x –prey density y –prey consumed at time t x/y – attack ratio b – total time taken by predator to consume its prey a- searching time Unlike defenseless larvae the free larvae showed resistence especially during mature stages. The b value increases from early to mature stage of the prey and from defenceless to free larvae.( i.e .Greater time taken by the predator to paralyse the larger prey ) The a value is reduced in free prey as compared to defenseless prey( i.e no movement /vibration is produced) and from early to mature prey ( i.e preadtor search harder to find food at early stages due to hunger)

39. 28-07-2020 39 By : Khin Thein Nyunt Ph. D degree Georg –August University Gottingen , Germany Topic – Potential of predatory pentatomid E .furcellata as biocontrol agent on American bollworm in cotton in Myanmar 1. Testing the effect of host plant on the oviposition preference and larvae performance of Helicoverpa armigera Chickpea, cotton tomato and wild cabbage plants were used Highest no. of eggs were laid on chickpea>tomato>cotton>cabbage. Best performance of H.a was recorded on artificial diet>wild cabbage>cotton >chickpea > tomato. 2. Testing predation efficiency of E. Furcellata on H.armigera From different host plants cabbage , cotton ,chickpea tomato and larvae was reared on artificial diet Majority of E .furcellata (30-60%) approached toward cotton plant for eating H.a larvae. Diet >cabbage > cotton >chickpea>tomato

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41. 28-07-2020 41 3.Evaluating the effect of temperature and prey density on predation efficiency E.furcellata . Development time and predation efficiency 3 temperature (25 c, 30 c,35 c) 8 prey density (1,2,3,4,5,6,8,10) 4 extreme temperature (15 c,20 c,37 c,40 c) Development time was shorter @ 35 c Highest predation rate @ 30 c in 5 th instar Developmental time α prey density Prey consumption α I / prey density E.furcellata could not survive at extreme temperature 15 c and 40 c E.furcellata unable to lay eggs at 20 c No viable offsprings were recorded in 4 extereme temperature.

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43. 28-07-2020 43 4.Testing the prey searching and feeding behavior of E.furcellata under lab and greenhouse condition (on DBM and ABW) 3 condition –normal plan, wounded condition,insect infected plant Searching time and feeding behavior ABM<DBM 5. Choice of E.furcellata - ABW is 43% DBM is 30%

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45. 28-07-2020 45 By : Kailiyarasi L, Ananthi Rachel Livingstone and Miracline S.F International Journal of Recent Scientific Research , Vol.8,Issue,8,pp.19550-19554,August,2017 Topic: The predatory behaviour of stink bug E . furcellata on eggs and grubs of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata . ( hadda bettle ) Observation : When grubs were introduced into rearing cage of E.furcellata nymphs, the process of feeding started by sucking the haemolymph of grubs continuously skeletonising them. In case of prey egg ,holes were made at the top of egg surface and made them into empty shell E.furcellata detected the prey by vibrations caused by feeding. E.furcellata responded to E- phytol ,which is produced by larvae when feeding on the chlorophyll in their food plants. E.furcellata prefers to feed on larvae fed with the chlorophyll rich diet rather than a chlorophyll poor diet.

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48. 28-07-2020 48 By : Nancy Shophiya ,J. and Sahayaraj ,K. International Journal of Current Research , Vol.6,Issue,10,pp.9052-9056,October ,2014 Topic : Biocontrol potential of entamophagous predator E.furcellata against Pericallia ricini larvae . Observation : Among all the life stages 3 rd instar nymph consumed the least number of preys and adult consumed maximum . 3 rd instar nymph consumed 2.8 preys and completed stadial period in 3.9 days. 4 th instar nymph consumed 5.8 preys and completed stadial period in 5.4 days. 5 th instar nymph consumed 7.3 preys and completed stadial period in 6.2 days. E.furcellata nymphs and adult selected their prey by visual stimuli, contact the prey by antenna ,extended long ovoid like rostrum and rostral job over the prey , select a suitable site for feeding, relaxed the body by extending forlegs sidewise and without holding the prey suck the content . Select the location where no hairs are distributed .

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50. 28-07-2020 50 By : A . N.Shylesha and Achanta srivika Journal of Biological control ,32(3):209-211,2018 Topic :Natural occurance of predatory bugs E.furcellata and Andrellus spinidens on Spodoptera frugiperda in maize and their potential management of fall armyworm. Observation : E.furcellata was observed during 38 th and 39 th standard meterological week which coincided with 28-56 days of maize growth ,wherein the population of fall army worm was severe. Field was infested with 2cp/plant. FAW incidence started from 15-16 day old crop at 34 th week. Larva+ bug population @ 35 th to 42 th week. Mean population 4/m2 – 38 th week 6/m2- 39 th week 3/m2- 40 th week

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52. 28-07-2020 52 By : Shu -Jen- Tuan,Chih –Chun Yeh , Remzi Atlihan,and Hsin Chi Journal of Economic Entomology Advance access ,September 15,2015 Topic : Linking life table and predation rate of biological control : A comparative study of E .furcellata fed on Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella . Observation : It is not justified to conclude that predator is more efficient than another predator solely based on a fast population growth rate / higher predation rate . To improve the effectiveness of biological control quantify rates , stage difference , fecundity ,predation rate from birth to death. In order for biological control program to succed understanding of growth , stage structure, fecundity of both prey and predator and predation rate of predator.

53. 28-07-2020 53 Plutella xylostella . Spodoptera litura Net reproduction rate (Ro) 292.4 offspring 272.3 offspring Intrinsic rate of increase(r) 0.1389 /d 0.1220 /d Finite rate 1.1490 /d 1.1298 /d Net predation rate (Co) 644.1 3 rd instar of P.x 863.1 3 rd instar of S.l Predation potential(w) (growth rate * predation rate) 1.4277 1.6029

54. 28-07-2020 54 Result – E . furcellata when fed on 1.Population growth rate of Plutella xylostella > Spodoptera litura 2.Net predation rate Plutella xylostella < Spodoptera litura 3.Finite predation rate Plutella xylostella < Spodoptera litura (1.4 prey/ day) (1.6 prey/day) E . furcellata is more effective predator when preying on Spodoptera litura than Plutella xylostella

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56. 28-07-2020 56 By: R.K.Gupta , Mudasir Gani , P. Jasriti and K.Srivastava Journal of the Internatioal Organisation for Biological control,Vol.58,(2013),pp.543-552. Topic : Development of predator E .furcellata on different proportions of nucleopolyhedrovirus infected Spodoptera litura larvae and potential for predator dissemination of virus in field Observation : The present work aimed to determine the impact of nucleopolyhedrosis virus on the development of E.furcellata and to measure the effectivity of NPV discharge through its feaces . If the entomopathogen such as NPV is to be used for control of an insect pest, one must first assess the impact of the pathogen on non target beneficial insects. The reduced adult weight , longivity and fecundity of insects are of greater concern as they are associated with reduced fitness which would have long term negative impact on population dynamics .

57. 28-07-2020 57 Predator did not show significant loss in weight , longivity and fecundity when provided ≤ 50% proportion of infected prey in lifetime meal .Thus, virus is not likely to have significant effect on growth and development of E.furcellata in the field. The contribution of predators in baculovirus dissemination can only be acertained by more extensive lab and field studies Although ingestion of more than 50% of NPV infected prey in lifetime meals of E.furcellata could influence the body weight , fecundity,longitivity and egg hatchability , such effect appear to be short team and do not sustain in the subsequent generation. Hence , adverse effects on the developmental biology of E.furcellata might not occur in the field Conclusion : Field application of NPV at recommended dose will not lead to deletarious effect on E.furcellata . Therefore , predator has the potential to be used in IPM by predation as well as by dispersing the pathogen.

58. 28-07-2020 58 By: Tetsya Yasduda and Sadoa Wakamura Appl. Entomol,Zool.27 (2):303-305 (1992) Topic : Rearing of the predatory stink bug , E. Furcellata , on frozen larvae of Spodoptera litura . Observation : Developmental periods and survival rates no significant difference was observed when nymphs reared on live and frozen larvae. Body weight and longitivities of adult bugs reared on frozen larvae were significantly smaller than those reared on live prey. Reproduction of E.furcellata egg masses /female total eggs per female no significant difference was observed , but egg hatability differed Adult reared on frozen larvae were generally smaller than those feeding on live larvae. Hence , frozen larvae are suitable diets for E.furcellata rearing. Note : Some E.furcellata were destroyed by S.litura larvae when bugs remained dormant for few days before and after few hrs of moulting. ( i.e an additional merit of frozen prey is to avoid such losses of beneficial predator.

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