Epidemiologic Approach to Disease and Interventions

All about basic concepts and fundamentals in Epidemiology. Based on the of Gordis 6th Edition

1. RIOS, King Philip D. THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH TO DISEASE AND INTERVENTION UNIT 1 :

2. RIOS, King Philip D. THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH TO DISEASE AND INTERVENTION UNIT 1 : LESSON 1 : INTRODUCTION

3. RIOS, King Philip D. THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH TO DISEASE AND INTERVENTION UNIT 1 : LESSON 1 : INTRODUCTION Lesson’s Objectives : To be able to identify the etiology, or cause, of a disease . To determine the extent of disease To understand the role of prevention

4. EPIDEMIOLOGY

5. EPIDEMIOLOGY Studies how disease is distributed in populations

6. Objectives

7. Objectives

8. Determine the etiology of a disease and its relevant risk factors Objectives MALARIA - Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes

9. Determine the extent of disease found in the community Objectives MALARIA - Measuring how widespread malaria is within affected areas

10. Study natural history and prognosis of disease Objectives MALARIA - From initial infection to symptoms

11. Evaluate both existing and newly developed preventive and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery Objectives MALARIA - Evaluating measures such as insecticide-treated bed nets, and malaria vaccines to determine their impact on reducing malaria incidence and improving health outcomes

12. Provide the foundation for developing public policy relating to environmental problems Objectives MALARIA - Developing policies to support malaria prevention and control efforts, including funding for research, international collaboration, and health education

13. Objectives

14. Historical and Impact of Cholera on Public Health

15. In 1839, a cemetery in Dudley, England, prohibited bruying deaths from cholera. It remains a critical public health challenge in many low-income and conflict-affected regions Historical and Impact of Cholera on Public Health

16. 1900 : The primary causes of death were infectious diseases such as pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis, and diarrhea. 2014 : The leading causes of death shifted to chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer, and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Ten leading causes of death in the United States (1900 and 2014)

17. Ten leading causes of death in the United States (1900 and 2014)

18. HIGH-RISK GROUP

19. HIGH-RISK GROUP A group of persons whose risk for a particular disease, injury, or other health condition is greater than that of the rest of their community or population

20. Why should we identify such high-risk groups?

21. Focus preventive efforts Why should we identify such high-risk groups? Find out what specific factors

22. Focus preventive efforts It allows us to focus preventive efforts, like screening programs, on those who need them most. Helps in early disease detection and ensures that new interventions are effectively used where they will have the greatest impact. Example: Breast Cancer Screening Programs

23. Find out what specific factors This could involve altering lifestyle habits, improving environmental conditions, or providing targeted medical treatments Example: Cardiovascular Risk Management

24. Find out what specific factors MODIFIABLE NOT MODIFIABLE Age Sex Race Obesity Smoking Diet

25. Focus preventive efforts Why should we identify such high-risk groups? Find out what specific factors

26. PREVENT IONS

27. PREVENT IONS The process of intercepting or opposing the “cause” of a disease

28. Levels of PREVENTIONS

29. A proactive measure taken before the onset of disease, effectively eliminating the possibility of the disease ever occurring. Primary Prevention

30. An action that stops a disease's progress at its initial stage and prevents complications Secondary Prevention

31. Prompt and proper treatment is crucial for preventing complications in diagnosed individuals. Tertiary Prevention

32. Levels of PREVENTIONS

33. APPROACHES TO PREVENTIONS Population-based Approach High-risk Approach

34. Population-based Approach It is directed towards the entirety of the population or significant segments within it.

35. High-risk Approach It focuses on individuals or specific groups who are identified as being at higher risk for a particular disease

36. APPROACHES TO PREVENTIONS Population-based Approach High-risk Approach

37. CLINICAL PRACTICES

38. CLINICAL PRACTICES The practice of medicine is dependent on population data Prognostication Selection of appropriate therapy

39. EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACH

40. OBSERVATIONS TO PREVENTATIVE ACTIONS

41. OBSERVATIONS TO PREVENTATIVE ACTIONS Ignáz Semmelweis (Childbed Fever) John Snow (Cholera) Edward Jenner (Small Pox)

42. Ignáz Semmelweis (Childbed Fever) Born in 1818 Referred to as the “savior of mothers.” Puerperal (childbed) fever and introduced antisepsis into medical practice Childbed Fever: causing fever, chills, rapid heartbeat, abdominal pain, and discharge from the uterus

43. Edward Jenner (Small Pox) Born in 1749 Invented vaccination with cowpox to replace the fearful dangers of inoculation with smallpox Small Pox: caused by the variola virus. It is characterized by fever, body aches, and a distinctive rash

44. John Snow (Cholera) Born in 1813 Challenge William Farr’s Miasmatic Theory Used the “shoe-leather epidemiology” Cholera: caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration

45. OBSERVATIONS TO PREVENTATIVE ACTIONS Ignáz Semmelweis (Childbed Fever) John Snow (Cholera) Edward Jenner (Small Pox)

46. FREQUENCY OF DISEASE

47. FREQUENCY OF DISEASE Over the past century, mortality rates from common infectious diseases such as: Diphtheria : Corynebacterium diphtheriae Pertussis (whooping cough) : Bordetella pertussis Scarlet fever : Streptococcus pyogenes Tuberculosis : Mycobacterium tuberculosis

48. INTEGRATING PREVENTION AND TREATMENT

49. INTEGRATING PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Prevention and therapy all too often are viewed as mutually exclusive activities

50. CONCLUSION

51. CONCLUSION Epidemiology is important for planning and implementing effective prevention programs and for evaluating new and existing therapies and interventions.

52. Thank you for listening!!!