Epidemiological study on Staph Infection.pptx

Staphylococcus infection

1. Epidemiology Host Agent Environment

2. Host Age Highest in 1 st year, low in adulthood and gradual rise with advancing age Immature immune systems in infants, age-related decline in immune function Ethnicity Immunocompromised state HIV infected population due to low CD4 count, people receiving chemotherapy Underlying health condition Certain medical and Chronic conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, or lung disease increase risk Previous exposure increases risk of coloni zation and infection Genetic variation influence susceptibility and severity Behavioral factors such as poor hygiene and sanitation, sharing of personal items increases risk

3. Agent Major organisms responsible: Staphylococcus aureus MRSA MSSA Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus hominis Staphylococcus haemolyticus Overview Gram positive, spherical shaped bacteria forming clusters Fig. Gram staining of Staphylococcus aureus

4. Virulence Factors:

5. Mode of transmission Direct Transmission: Person-to-person contact respiratory droplets skin-to-skin contact. Indirect Transmission: Contact with contaminated surfaces M edical equipment E nvironmental reservoirs.

6. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strain resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics due to mecA gene encoding PBP2a Increased morbidity and mortality rates, limited treatment options Risk Factors Can occur in hospital or community settings Poor hygienic condition Close contact Contaminated materials Individual with damaged skins

7. Environment Animate Factors Human host Factors such as compromised immune, skin conditions or wounds Individual with staph bacteria on skin or mucous membranes Pets and livestock Pets such as cat, dogs and livestock such as cows and poultry may transmit staph infection High risk foods such as milk and dairy products, ready to eat meat Healthcare workers If control measure are not followed in medical settings Direct contact with infected patients or contaminated equipment can aid in transmission

8. Inanimate Factors Contaminates Surfaces Inadequate cleaning and disinfection of surfaces like Doorknob, countertops Medical and health factors Contaminated medical devices like IV lines or catheters Wounds, stitches, incisions left uncleaned or untreated Poor immune functions due to poor diet, nutritional deficiencies, allergies Poor hygiene and sanitation Sharing personal items such as towels or razors External reservoirs Contaminated water sources or air conditioning systems Crowded place