Epidemiology & Prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular Diseases, Epidemiology, Prevention

1. Epidemiology of Cardiovascular
Diseases
Dr. Athar Khan
Department of CommunityMedicine
Liaquat College of Medicine & Dentistry
Karachi
[email protected]

2. Learning Objectives
▪DiscussEpidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases
▪Listthe Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
▪IdentifyNew Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors
▪Listthe preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
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3. Cardiovascular Diseases
▪“Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is a class of diseases
that involve the Heartor Blood Vessels”.
▪WHO
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4. Cardiovascular Diseases
▪CardiovascularDiseases
IncludeTheFollowing:
▪CoronaryHeartDisease
▪CerebrovascularDisease
▪Peripheral Arterial
Disease
▪RheumaticHeartDisease
▪CongenitalHeartDisease
▪DeepVeinThrombosis
▪PulmonaryEmbolism
▪Cardiovascular Diseases Include The Following:
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5. Cardiovascular Diseases
▪Heart Attacks and Strokes are
usually Acute Events and are
mainly caused by a Blockage.
▪The cause of Heart Attacks
and Strokes are usually the
presence of a combination of
risk factors such as:
▪Tobacco use
▪Unhealthy Diet
▪Obesity
▪Physical Inactivity
▪Harmful use of Alcohol
▪Hypertension
▪Diabetes
▪Hyperlipidemia.
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6. Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases
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7. Over 80% of all premature NCD deaths
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10. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
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11. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Modifiable:
❑Raised Systolic BloodPressure
❑Raised Diastolic BloodPressure
❑Smoking
❑Raised LDLCholesterol
❑Reduced HDLCholesterol
❑Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
❑Hyperglycemia
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12. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Modifiable Behavioural
Risk Factors
❑Physical inactivity
❑Unhealthy diet
❑Tobacco use
❑Harmful use of alcohol
Modifiable Metabolic Risk
Factors
❑Raised blood pressure
❑Overweight/obesity
❑Hperglycemia(high blood
glucose levels) and
❑Hyperlipidemia (high
levels of fat in the blood)
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13. Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Non-Modifiable:
❑Age
❑Gender
❑FamilyHistory
❑Previous CardiovascularEvents
❑Previous Cerebro-VascularEvents
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14. New Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Thecommonemergingcardiovascularriskfactors
included:
▪Coronaryarterycalciumscore
▪Lipoprotein(a)
▪Homocysteine
▪C-reactiveprotein
▪Fibrinogen
▪Plasminogenactivatorinhibitor1
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16. Preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
PRIMARYPREVENTION:
▪HealthEducation
▪HealthyDietPattern
▪PhysicalActivity
▪SmokingCessation
▪ReducetheintakeoffoodsthatareHighinFat,
SugarandSalt
▪AbstinencefromAlcohol
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18. Preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
SECONDARY PREVENTION:
▪TreatmentwiththefollowingMedicationsare
necessary:
▪Aspirin
▪Beta-Blockers
▪Angiotensin-ConvertingEnzymeInhibitors
▪Statins
ThebenefitsoftheseInterventionsarelargelyeffectivewhenused
togetherwithSmokingCessationandhaveleadtoPreventionof75%of
Recurrentvascularevents.
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19. Preventive factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
SECONDARY PREVENTION:
▪Angioplasty
▪CoronaryArteryBypassGraft(CABG)
ThebenefitsoftheseInterventionsarelargelyeffectivewhenused
togetherwithSmokingCessationandhaveleadtoPreventionof75%of
Recurrentvascularevents.
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21. Framingham Heart Study
TheFraminghamHeartStudyisa
Long- Term, ongoing
CardiovascularCohortStudyon
residentsofthetownofFramingham,
Massachusetts.
Thestudybeganin1948with5,209
AdultSubjectsfromFramingham,
andisnowonitsThirdGeneration
ofparticipants.
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23. ❑Life CourseApproach
❑Empowerment of People andCommunities
❑Evidence basedStrategies
❑Universal HealthCoverage
❑Management of conflicts ofinterest
❑Human RightsApproach
❑National and InternationalCooperation
❑MultisectoralActions
Global NCD Action Plan 2013-2020
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