epidemiologytraid-200523130104.pptmmmmmmmmmmx

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1. Epidemiological triad

2. Introduction For occurrence of disease in men there are three things are required – Agent Host Environment These three factors are referred to as Epidemiological triad. Disease cannot occur in the absence of any one of these three factors

3. Epidemiological triad Agent Host Environment Biological Nutritional Physical Chemical Mechanical Age Sex Genetic Profession Customs Habits Behaviors Physical Biological Social

4. 1. Agent

5. 1. Agent Agent is the first link in the chain of disease transmission. In the development of disease agent is the foremost factor, it can be living or non living . These disease agent have been classified into 5 broad groups Biological agent Nutritional agent Chemical agent Mechanical agent Physical agent Social agent

6. 1. Biological agent These are the living agents which are found in man, animals, insects, soil and air etc. These biological agent are poisonous and spread infections and generate disease. Biological agents are – VIRUS BACTERIA PROTOZOVA FUNGUS

7. 2. Nutrient agents The nutrients are essential for keeping an individual healthy. An excess or deficiency of intake of these nutrients can result in nutritional deficiency disorders. Proteins, fats, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and water are the nutrients agents. Disorders due to nutrients- PEM Anemia Goiter Obesity and Vitamins deficiencies.

8. 3.Chemical agent The chemical agents which affect the human health are two type Endogenous chemical agent. Exogenous chemical agent. Endogenous chemical agent - The chemical agent which are produced and present in human body called Endogenous chemical agents. These chemical can excess or less and result in illness. Eg – Serum Bilirubin( excess of Bilubirin result in jaundice) Urea (Ureamia) Ketones (Ketosis) Uric acid(Gout) Calcium carbonate(Kidney stones)

9. Exogenous chemical agent .- The chemical agents which are present in outside in the human body is called as Exogenous chemical agent. Eg- Gases Metals Dust Smoke Fumes Insecticides Allergens etc. These agent may be acquired by inhalation, ingestion, or inoculation.

10. 4.Mechanical agent Exposure to chronic friction and other Mechanical forces may result in crushing tearing, dislocation, injuries, fractures and even death.

11. 5. Physical agents Exposure to excessive heat, cold, humidity, pressure, radiation, electricity, sound etc, may cause the various disease.

12. 6. Social agent Social agent like Poverty, Illiteracy, Prostitution Population explosion, Unhealthy life style, Smoking, Drinking, Drugs and other addictions, Social isolation, are also responsible for many disease.

13. 2. Host factors

14. 2. Host factors Host factor is the human body where the disease agent stay, grow and multiply to produce illness. In epidemiology terminology the human host is referred to as soil and the disease agent as seed. The host factors may classified as – Demographic characteristics Biological characteristics Social and economic characteristics Life style factors

15. The Host Factors May Classified as – 4.Life style factors 3.Social and Economic characteristics 2.Biological characteristics 1.Demographic characteristics Age, sex etc Genetic factor, biochemical level of blood(cholesterol),blood groups and enzymes. Socio economic status, Education, Occupation, Stress, Marital status, Housing etc. Personality traits, Living habits, Nutrition, Physical exercise, Use of alcohol, Drugs and Smoking, Behavioral patterns etc

16. 1. Demographic factors This include individuals age sex, etc. some disease are common in childhood(Eg- Measles, PEM,) and some disease are more prevalent in old age(enlargment of prostate gland, cataract, and osteoporosis) Similarly there are certain disease which affect women more and other are found in men only.

17. 2. Biological factors Some disease are common in some specific individual only. Eg – Disease depending on the structure of genes or genetic disease, congenital disease, mental disorder, blood disease, diabetes and hypertension.

18. 3. Socioeconomic factors Onset of the disease is also affected by the individuals economic and social status, education, habits, marital condition and profession etc.

19. 4. Life style Customs and rituals, moral values, habits, nutrition, physical labour, consumption of alcohol, drug addiction, smoking behavior and personality etc. Eg – people those who are addicted to drugs or alcohol are more likely to fall ill.

20. Environmental factors

21. Environmental factors Study of disease is a study of man and his environment. It has been proved that polluted environment is responsible for many diseases. Environment factors are classified into three groups Physical environment Biological environment Physiological environment

22. 1. Physical environment Air, House, Season, Water, Land, Temperature, Light, Noise, Radiation, Disposal of body waste, (faeces and urine),Disposal of refuse etc, are the physical factors which affects the environment.

23. 2. Biological environment This include the Organisms(animals, insects, rodents,) which can cause disease.

24. 3. Physiological environment Customs faith, education, standards of living culture, tension, and breaking up with family etc, are related to onset of disease either directly or indirectly.