Epilepsy Types

types
treatment

1. Adhil hasbulla 119i4a Neurology Epilepsy Types

2. Introduction Epilepsy is a disorder of the brain. People are diagnosed with epilepsy when they have had two or more seizures . A seizure is a burst of uncontrolled electrical activity between neurons that causes temporary abnormalities in muscle tone or movements (stiffness, twitching or limpness), behaviors, sensations or states of awareness . Sometimes it is hard to tell when a person is having a seizure. A person having a seizure may seem confused or look like they are staring at something that isn’t there. Other seizures can cause a person to fall, shake, and become unaware of what’s going on around them.

3. Types Of Seizures 2 basic categories:  Primary generalized seizures and Partial/ Focal seizures . The difference between these types is in how they begin. Primary generalized seizures begin with a widespread electrical discharge involving both sides of the brain at once. Partial seizures begin with an electrical discharge in one limited area of the brain. Hereditary factors are important in partial generalized epilepsy. Some partial seizures are related to head injury, brain infection, stroke or tumor but, in most cases, the cause is unknown.  These 2 are further classified into- Absence 1. S imple Tonic 2. Complex Atonic Clonic Myoclonic Tonic- clonic Primary Generalized Seizure Focal Seizure

4. Primary Generalized Seizure ABSENCE SEIZURE P reviously known as petit mal seizures or Childhood absence epilepsy , typically occur in children. They're characterized by staring into space with or without subtle body movements such as eye blinking or lip smacking and only last between 5-10 seconds. These seizures may occur in clusters, happening as often as 100 times per day, and cause a brief loss of awareness .  Children usually outgrow these.  Juvenile absence epilepsy  starts slightly later and can persist into adulthood; people with these kinds of seizures may develop tonic- clonic seizures in addition to absence of seizures in adulthood . TONIC SEIZURE C ause stiff muscles and may affect consciousness, usually affect muscles in your back, arms and legs and may cause you to fall to the ground.

5. 3. ATONIC SEIZURE Also known as drop seizures, cause a loss of muscle control. Since this most often affects the legs, it often causes you to suddenly collapse or fall down . Some people with multiple brain injuries and intellectual disability, have tonic seizures consisting of sudden stiffness in the arms and body, which can cause injuries . Many persons with tonic seizures have a syndrome called Lennox Gastaut syndrome . This condition may involve intellectual disability, multiple seizure types including tonic seizures can have a distinctive EEG pattern called  slow spike and wave . Persons with diffuse brain disorders also may have atonic seizures, characterized by a sudden loss of body tone that results in collapsing. A sequence of a brief tonic episode followed by an atonic seizure is called a tonic-atonic seizure . These are often managed with specific medications and sometimes with nerve stimulation and diet therapies. !!Drop attacks!!

6. 4. CLONIC SEIZURE A ssociated with repeated or rhythmic, jerking muscle movements. These seizures usually affect the neck, face and arms. 5. MYOCLONIC SEIZURE Usually appear as sudden brief jerks or twitches and usually affect the upper body, arms and legs . 6. TONIC CLONIC SEIZURE P reviously known as Grand Mal Seizures , are the most dramatic type of epileptic seizure. They can cause an abrupt loss of consciousness and body stiffening, twitching and shaking. They sometimes cause loss of bladder control or biting your tongue . Can make a person- Cry out. Lose consciousness. Fall to the ground. Have muscle jerks or spasms. The person may feel tired after a tonic- clonic seizure.

7. 1. 3. 5.

8. Focal Seizure SIMPLE/WITHOUT LOSS OF CONCIOUSNESS Af fects a small part of the brain. These seizures can cause twitching or a change in sensation, such as a strange taste or smell. Some people experience deja vu. This type of seizure may also result in involuntary jerking of one body part, such as an arm or leg, and spontaneous sensory symptoms such as tingling, dizziness and flashing lights . 2. COMPLEX/ IMPAIRED CONCIOUSNESS C an make a person confused or dazed. The person will be unable to respond to questions or direction for up to a few minutes . This type of seizure may seem like being in a dream. During a focal seizure with impaired awareness, you may stare into space and not respond normally to your environment or perform repetitive movements, such as hand rubbing, chewing, swallowing or walking in circles.

9. Management & Treatment Epilepsy diagnosis  based on symptoms, physical signs and the results of such tests as an electroencephalogram (EEG), computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI ). MAJOR DRUGS INVOVLED ARE- sodium valproate. carbamazepine. lamotrigine . levetiracetam . topiramate .

10. Special diets can also help control seizures. The most common diets are the ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, low glycemic diet, and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) diet . Complementary health approaches are different from the medicines or surgery usually prescribed by doctors and other mainstream health professionals. These include natural herbs such as medical cannabis or mind and body practices like yoga. If you have persistent uncontrolled seizures, it might be time to consider epilepsy surgery. Advances in science and technology have led to new epilepsy surgery options . While medicines and surgery may be effective for some, others might find these treatment options unavailable or ineffective. Seizure devices send small electric currents to the nervous system, and they change how brain cells act and help them go back to their normal state.

11. THANK YOU!