Epistaxis.signs.symptoms.management.treatment

It describes epistaxis with its signs symptoms management and treatment

1. Epistaxis ROLL NO 86

2. Causes of Epistaxis Local Causes Nose 1.Trauma : Finger nail trauma, Intranasal surgery, Violent Sneeze, Hard blowing of Nose 2.Infections: Viral rhinitis, nasal diphteria , sinusitis, TB, Syphilis, granulomatous lesion of nose, atrophic rhinitis 3.Foreign Bodies: Rhinolith, Maggots, Leech 4.Neoplasms of Nose and Paranasal Sinuses: Hemangioma, papilloma, Carcinoma or Sarcoma 5.Atmospheric Changes: High altitude, Caisson disease 6.Deviated Nasal Septum

3. General Causes Cardiovascular system : Hypertension, Arteriosclerosis, mitral stenosis, Pregnancy Blood vessel causes: Aplastic anemia, Leukemia, Thrombocytopenia, Hemophilia, Christmas disease, Vitamin K deficiency, Scurvy Liver Disease: Hepatic Cirrhosis Kidney Disease: Chronic Nephritis Drugs: Excessive use of salicyclates , anticoagulant therapy Mediastinal Compressions: Tumors of Mediastinum Acute General Infections: Influenza, Measles, Chickenpox, Whooping cough, Rheumatic fever, Infectious mononucleosis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, Dengue and Malaria Vicarious menstruation: Epistaxis at time of menstruation

4. Sites of Epistaxis Little area Above level of middle turbinate: From anterior & posterior ethmoidal vessels Below level of middle turbinate: From Sphenopalatine branches, Posterior part of nasal cavity Diffuse Nasopharynx

5. Classification of Epistaxis Anterior Epistaxis When blood flows out from the front of nose with the patient in sitting position Posterior Epistaxis Mainly the blood flows back into the throat. Patient may swallow it and later have a “coffee- coloured ” vomitus. This may erroneously be diagnosed as haematemesis