Epithelial dysplasia

epithelial dysplasia

1. Presented By : Asmaa A. Rahman Epithelial Dysplasia

2. Definition Epithelial dysplasia , a term referred to intraepithelial neoplasia , is the sum of various disturbances of epithelial proliferation and differentiation as seen microscopically. Individual cellular features of dysplasia are called epithelial atypia .

3. Epithelial dysplasia is graded as mild, moderate and severe.

4. Morphological changes Drop-shaped rete processes Basal cell hyperplasia Irregular epithelial stratification Nuclear hyperchromatism Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio Increased normal and abnormal mitosis Dyscaryosis (nuclear atypism ) Karyomegaly (Enlarged nuclei) Large prominent Nucelioli ) Poikilokarynosis Cellular poleomorphism Loss of polarity & Disorientation Anisocytosis Koilocytosis Individual Cell keratinization Keratin pearl formATion

5. 1-Drop shaped rete Processes

6. 2-Basal cell hyperplasia The basal cell layer is the germ layer which undergoes constant proliferation. Hyperplasia occurs due to increase in the rate of mitotic division .

7. 3-Irregular epithelial stratification

8. 4-Nuclear hyperchromatism hyperchromatism . : the development of excess chromatin or of excessive nuclear staining especially as a part of a pathological process . nucleus staining darker than normal by haematoxylin .

9. 5-Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio The relative size of nucleous to cytoplasmic contents of the cell normal ratio is ¼

10. 6-Increased normal and abnormal mitosis Abnormal mitotic figures are seen (Y-,X, and K shaped). Also there is increase in normal 11-shaped mitotic figure.

11. 8 . Dyskaryosis (Nuclear atypism ) : Abnormal shape of the nucleus. It is due to abnormal number and arrangement of the chromatin.

12. 9 -Karyomegaly ( enlarged nuclei ) D ue to increase DNA, increase nucleoproteins or nuclear oedema .

13. 10. Large prominent nucleoli The nucleolus becomes prominent in: cells which are actively synthesize proteins. in the majority of rapidly growing malignant cells.

14. 11. Poikilokaryonosis : It is the formation of a cell with multiple nuclei

15. 12 -Cellular pleomorphism The cell takes various forms due to: Defect in the formation of the protein forming the cytoskeleton. Loss of desmosomes .

16. 13-Loss of basal cell polarity This is due to loss of desmosomal junctions that normally unite the cells together due to: Defect in the formation of the newly dividing cells. (Cytoskeleton) Breaking of the junctions by the action of malignant enzymes in frankly malignant lesions e.g. hyalurinidaze enzymes.

17. 14-Anisocytosis is a medical term meaning that a patient's red blood cells are of unequal size. This is commonly found in anemia and other blood conditions. False diagnostic flagging may be triggered by an elevated WBC count, agglutinated RBCs, RBC fragments, giant platelets or platelet clumps.

18. 15-koilocytosis A koilocyte is a squamous epithelial cell that has undergone a number of structural changes, which occur as a result of infection of the cell by human papillomavirus

19. 16 -Individual cell keratinization It is a form of dyskeratosis . Dyskeratosis means abnormal keratin formation. The cell undergoes early maturation and becomes filled up with keratin intraepithelialy .

20. 17-Keratin Pearl Formation Desmosomal junctions are maintained and the polyhedral cells mature thus forming keratin in the centre of the epithelial nest

21. Thank you