Epoch of Pakistan from (1980 to 2000).pptx

History of pk from 1988-2000

1. Epoch of Pakistan from(1980 to 2000) Be ready to know the truth

2. Table of contents Pakistan (1980–2000): An Era of Profound Transformation Introduction 01 . Proper Disasters 1988 to 1993 03. Transformation Islamization Instability 1980 to 1988 02. Crucial Transformation Struggle Resilience Conclusion 05. > < < > < < Instability Milestones Transitions 1993to 2000 04.

3. Our Research Contain 04 In The Line of Fire Daughter of East Base 02 After 1965 we are not able to stand Analysis 01 About our country issues Research 03 Despite Everything we somehow able to maintain our respect Data study

4. Introduction 01 Pakistan (1980–2000): An Era of Profound Transformation

5. Pakistan (1980–2000): An Era of Profound Transformation

6. This transformative span indelibly shaped Pakistan’s governance, security, and international standing, leaving a legacy that continues to influence its trajectory

7. Afghan War Era (1980 to 1988) 02

8. Political Landscape After overthrowing Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1977, Zia continued to rule under martial law until 1985 Zia introduced Islamic laws, including Hudood Ordinances, An eye for an eye and Deity laws, and changes in the judicial system •Zia-ul-Haq’s Martial Law (1977–1985): •Islamization Policies: Due to differences with Zia, Prime Minister Muhammad Juneja was dismissed in May 1988 Martial law was lifted in December 1985, but Zia retained power as President. In 1985, general elections were held on a non-party basis. Muhammad Khan Juneja became the Prime Minister •Juneja's Dismissal (1988): •End of Martial Law (1985): • Non-Party Elections (1985):

9. Due to Pakistan's role in the Afghan War, significant U.S. and Saudi aid flowed into the country Foreign Aid and Economic Growth Economic Developments Some state-owned enterprises were privatized to promote economic liberalization Privatization and Deregulation

10. Afghan War and Foreign Relations Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Pakistan became a key U.S. ally in supporting Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviet Union. Refugee Crisis Over 3 million Afghan refugees entered Pakistan, creating economic and social challenges Tensions with India Relations remained tense, especially after India’s Operation Brass tacks military exercise near the border. 1979–1989 1986–1987

11. Defense and Nuclear Program Strengthening of Military U.S. aid helped modernize Pakistan’s military. Pakistan made significant progress in its nuclear program under Abdul Qadeer Khan, despite international pressure. Nuclear Development

12. Zia-ul-Haq’s Death (1988) • Plane Crash : On August 17, 1988, Zia-ul-Haq died in a mysterious plane crash along with senior military officials and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan. • Transition to Democracy : His death led to general elections in 1988, bringing Benazir Bhutto to power.

13. Political Era of Pakistan (1988-1993): 03

14. 1988 to 1993 General Zia-ul-Haq’s death ended military rule. She became the first female Prime Minister of Pakistan in December 1988. Achievements: Restored press freedom, improved relations with Western countries, and started social welfare programs. Problems: Faced strong opposition from President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the military. Accused of corruption and removed in 1990. 1.Restoration of Democracy

15. 2 . Nawaz Sharif’s First Government (1990-1993) Won elections in 1990 and became Prime Minister. Achievements: Started economic reforms, privatized state industries, focused on infrastructure (motorways, energy projects), and strengthened relations with Saudi Arabia and China. Problems: Conflicts with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan led to a political crisis. The military stepped in, and both were forced to resign in 1993.

16. Legacy of these 6 years struggle to stabilize democracy amid political infighting economic challenges institutional weaknesses Kashmir conflict persisted 1 2 3 4

17. Pakistan (1993–2000): A Decade of Turmoil and Transition: 04

18. Political Instability and Democratic Struggles Benazir Bhutto returned to power after elections, marking her second term as Prime Minister. Her government faced challenges including corruption allegations, economic difficulties, and political opposition. Bhutto’s government was dismissed by President Farooq Leghari over corruption and governance issues. Nawaz Sharif won the subsequent elections in 1997, beginning his second term as Prime Minister. Political tensions escalated, culminating in General Pervez Musharraf’s military coup in October 1999. Nawaz Sharif was ousted, and Musharraf declared himself Chief Executive, suspending the constitution. 1993 1996 1999

19. The 1990s were marked by economic stagnation, rising debt, and poor governance. Structural reforms were delayed, exacerbating poverty and unemployment . Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in response to India’s tests, becoming a declared nuclear power. This elevated its global standing but also led to international sanctions, worsening economic conditions. Economic Crisis: Nuclear Tests In May 1998: Theories Economic Challenges and Nuclear Milestones

20. Economic Challenges and Nuclear Milestones Rise in external debt (from $20 billion in 1993 to $38 billion in 1999). 40% Average inflation rate during the 1990s. 20% Decline in GDP growth (from 6% in the early 1990s to 3.1% by 2000). 25% Drop in foreign exchange reserves (due to sanctions post-nuclear tests in 1998). 15%

21. Regional Conflicts and Security Issues Conflict (1999): Pakistan’s involvement in the Kargil War with India over Kashmir led to a military stalemate and international pressure, particularly from the U.S., forcing a withdrawal. The conflict strained Pakistan-India relations and isolated Pakistan diplomatically. Kargil Rise of Militancy The Afghan Taliban’s rise in the 1990s, supported by Pakistan, fueled cross-border militancy and sectarian violence within Pakistan, creating long-term security challenges. Pakistan INDIA

22. Military Rule and Governance Shift 1999 Coup : General Musharraf’s coup ended a decade of fragile democracy. His regime promised stability, economic reforms, and anti-corruption measures, but it also centralized power and curtailed democratic institutions MARTIAL LAW

23. Conclusion 05

24. The period 1988-1993 was marked by political instability, corruption allegations, and power struggles between the executive and legislative branches. Despite democratic transitions, both Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were unable to complete their terms due to interventions by the military and the president. This era set the stage for continued political instability in the 1990s. Nuclear Tests (1998): Established Pakistan as a nuclear power, altering the regional balance. Kargil Conflict (1999): A military misadventure with India led to diplomatic isolation and internal criticism. Rise of militancy and sectarian violence, fueled by the Afghan Taliban’s rise and Pakistan’s involvement in regional conflicts L egecy of these 20 years

25. Economic Challenges and Nuclear Milestones Research Venus has a beautiful name, but it’s terribly hot Data Study Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Analysis Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System Comparison Saturn is the only planet with rings To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here

26. Methodology Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only one that harbors life in the Solar System. This is where we all live Methodology Venus has a nice name, but it’s hot Income Mercury is the smallest planet Process Jupiter is the biggest planet Research Despite being red, Mars is cold Idea Neptune is far away from Earth Goal Saturn is a gas giant and has rings Aspiration

27. Study objectives Earth is the third planet from the Sun Mercury is the smallest planet of them all Mercury Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It's hot there Venus Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System Jupiter 01 02 03 Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings The Sun is at the center of our System Ceres is located in the main asteroid belt Pluto is now considered a dwarf planet

28. Contents

29. Title Slide: Pakistan (1988–1993): A Turbulent Democratic Transition Subtitle: Political Instability, Economic Challenges, and Regional Dynamics

30. Restoration of Democracy : Benazir Bhutto’s Election (1988) First female Prime Minister in the Muslim world. Ended Zia-ul-Haq’s military rule. Faced opposition, military interference, and economic struggles.

31. Political Instability: 1990: Bhutto’s government dismissed over corruption allegation Nawaz Sharif (PML-N) won the 1990 elections. 1993: Sharif’s government dismissed; Bhutto returned to power after fresh elections.

32. Economic Challenges : Rising debt and inflation. Poor governance and delayed reforms. Public dissatisfaction with economic policies.

33. Visual Summary 1988: Zia’s death; Bhutto elected. 1990: Bhutto dismissed; Sharif elected. 1993:Sharif dismissed; Bhutto returns.

34. Hypothesis Despite being red, Mars is cold. It's full of iron oxide dust, which gives the planet its reddish cast Theory 1 Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It's hot there. It’s terribly hot, even hotter than Mercury Theory 2 Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet Jupiter 40% Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Saturn 60% 20% 80% Mercury is the smallest planet Mercury Neptune is far away from Earth Neptune 60% 40% Venus is the second planet from the Sun Venus Mars is actually a cold place Mars

35. Global vision Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It’s hot there Venus Mercury is the smallest planet of them all Mercury Is a gas giant and the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place Mars

36. Objectives Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all Jupiter Venus has extremely high temperatures Venus Mars is actually a very cold place Mars It’s the smallest planet of them all Mercury Saturn Neptune The Sun Earth Pluto Ceres

37. “ P erhaps this is the END BUT every Ending is a begin n ing 0f something ”

38. Multimedia If you want, you can insert your multimedia content here

39. A picture is worth a thousand words

40. Study program Checklist Status Description Status Description 03/04 Mercury is the smallest planet of them all 04/03 Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System 03/07 Venus has a beautiful name and is the second from the Sun 04/09 Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun 03/10 Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place 04/11 The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System 03/21 Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings 04/15 Earth is the third planet from the Sun and where we all live

41. Schedule 1st week 2nd week Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase 4th phase

42. Schedule February Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest planet in the Solar System March Venus has a beautiful name, but also very high temperatures April Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust 1 2 3

43. Schedule May It’s the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System June Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust 4 5 Investigation completed

44. Schedule 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4ht week 5th week Research Analysis Data study Comparaison

45. Big numbers catch your audience's attention 1,927

46. Table Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Indicator 1 Indicator 2 Indicator 3 Indicator 4

47. Comparation Goals Result 1st phase Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun Venus is the second planet from the Sun 2nd phase Mars is actually a very cold place Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all 3rd phase Saturn is composed of hydrogen and helium Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun 4th phase Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Despite being red, Mars is a cold place

48. 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th week Finish Study timeline “Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place” “Mercury is closest planet to the Sun and the smallest” “Neptune is the farthest-known planet from the Sun” “Earth is the only planet known to harbor life. We all live here” “Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is terribly hot”

49. Important percentages Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun 33.5% Despite being red, Mars is a cold place 18.2% Saturn is the only planet with rings 26.7%

50. Important percentages Mercury is small 24% Venus is hot 31% Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here Jupiter is big 17% Saturn has rings 28% Phase 4 Phase 3 Phase 1 Phase 2

51. Important percentages Jupiter is the biggest planet in the entire Solar System Jupiter Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System Mercury Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It's hot there Venus 35% 60% 20% Despite being red, Mars is actually a very cold place Mars 50%

52. Results a nalysis To modify this graph, click on it, follow the link, change the data and paste the new graph here

53. Investigation results Venus is the second planet from the Sun Venus Mercury is the smallest planet of them all Mercury Jupiter is the biggest planet in the Solar System Jupiter 40% 10% 50% Despite being red, Mars is a very cold place Mars Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun Neptune Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings Saturn 70% 30% 60%

54. Results analysis Mercury is the smallest planet of them all Mercury Is the biggest planet in the Solar System Jupiter Venus is the second planet from the Sun Venus Despite being red, Mars is actually a cold place 20% Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun 50% Saturn is a gas giant and has several rings 75%