EPP-Chapter-1-History-of-Engineering-Practices.pptx

Engineering professional practise IOE 8th semester

1. Institute of Engineering & Himalaya College of Engineering Engineering Professional Practices (EPP) BEX/BCT IV/II - Dr Shanti Kala Subedi (Chief, Research and Innovation Unit, HCOE)

2. https://nec.gov.np/pages/Professional/#

3. Nepal Engineering Council https://nec.gov.np/

4. https://neanepal.org.np/about-nea/ Nepal Engineers Association

5. Chapter one: History of Engineering practices Man and society Technology and Society History of Engineering Practices in Eastern society History of Engineering Practices in Western society Engineering Practices in Nepal

6. Society The word “society” in English has been derived from the Latin word “Socius”, which means friendship or mutual bond. A society is the combination of different communities. Thus, people living together in organized communities with shared traditions, norms, values, and laws, is defined as a society. An aggregate of people living together in ordered communities can also be termed as society.

7. Society John F. Cuber : Society is a group of people who have lived long enough to become organized and to consider themselves and to consider themselves and considered as a unit of more or less distinct from other human units Ian Robertson : Population that occupies the same territory, is subject to the same political authority and participates in a common culture. P. Gisbert : Complicated network of social relationships by which every human being is interconnected with his fellowman. MacIlver and Page: Society is a system of usage and procedures, authority and mutual aids, of many groupings and division of control and human behavior and of liberties. Ginsberg : A society is a collection of individual united by certain relation or modes of behavior, which mark them off from others who do not inter into these relations or who differ from them in behavior. A.W Green : A Society is the largest group to which any individual belongs

8. Essential Elements of Society People and plurality Likeness and differences Co-operation and interdependence Stable and dynamic

9. Types of Society Tribal society Pastoral society Horticultural society Industrial society Post-Industrial society

10. Theories of social change Cyclical Theory : Social change is a natural process and occurs in a cycle of a rise(growth) and fall (decay) Evolution Theory : Society changes from simple to complex stages Functionalist Theory: Each and every part of society need to be functional well , like in body parts, to keep balance or equilibrium of a system. Auguste Compte (1798- 1857), Herbert Spencer (1820- 1903), Emile Durkheim (1858 – 1917), and Talcott Parsons (1902 – 1979) are associated with this theory). Conflict Theory : based on Karl Marx Theory (1818 – 1883): Society consist of classes – of “haves” and “have nots”. Thesis- anti thesis- synthesis condition brings change in the society. Ralf Dahrendorf : Modern conflict theory focused not only on class conflict but also on social conflict.

11. Social Culture Values and Norms Culture is an ideas, values, customs, usage and behaviors of a particular group of people . Linton : Culture is the sum total of knowledge, attitudes and natural behavior pattern shared and transmitted by the member of a particular society (Linton), Amold W. Green : Culture is a socially transmitted system of idealized way in knowledge and practice produce and maintain as they change in time. A. F.Walter Paul : Culture is the totality of group, ways of thought and action, duly accepted and followed by a group of people

12. Social Development   Civilization has arisen 10,000 years ago. When farmers learned to raise crops and tame animals for foods, then they spend their times in making useful things, which they exchanged for surplus food, this way specializations arose. Metals writings, large scale government, science and other features of civilization was started.

13. The human societies in the world can be broadly divided in two, as following on the bases of its beginning, composition and values and cultures.   a. Western Societies b. Eastern Societies  

14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Kb79-1G240

15. Western Society Achievement and success Activity and work Moral orientation Efficiency and practicability Progress Material comforts Equality Freedom Use of technology Individualistic High concern overtime

16. Eastern Societies The values accorded by the culture to the individual and groups in the eastern societies are to the achieve high mortality, power of truth, and achievement in religious activities. They, who have achieved those, are regarded higher than those acquiring materialistic and physical objects. The Saint, Mahatma, Sadhu are the examples.

17. Eastern and Western Culture Eastern society is broadly refer to a various cultures and social structures and philosophical systems of Asia. • The concept of eastern society was emphasized by the idea of racial, religious and cultural differences. • Collectivism is seen as more dominant in eastern culture than individualism. • Fragmentary and holistic • Conflict and harmony • Idealism and pragmatism (an approach that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application)

18. Technology Technology is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems.

19. Technology Technology  ("science of craft", from  Greek  word Techne - "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and  logia is the sum of  techniques ,  skills ,  methods , and  processes  used in the production of  goods  or  services  or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as  scientific investigation . Technology can be the  knowledge  of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in  machines  to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings.  Systems  (e.g. machines) applying technology by taking an  input , changing it according to the system's use, and then producing an  outcome  are referred to as  technology systems  or  technological systems .

20. Technology and society Technology Technological Change Impact of technology on Society Industrialized technology Mechanization of production : Labor saving devices, mass production, specialization of jobs, Social change : Improved standard of living; more freedom, creation of the classes; Availability of jobs for women Urbanization Transportation Mass communication Commercialized recreation Engineering practices

21. History of technology development Stone Age  - The development of simple tools from wood or shards of rock and the discovery of fire, which provided a way to cook food and create heat and light, were technological developments which allowed people to accomplish tasks more easily and quickly. Bronze Age  - The evolving ability of man to work with metal gave the ability to form stronger tools, and the introduction of the wheel allowed people greater ability to travel and communicate. Iron Age  - The ability to work with harder metals than copper and tin, to melt iron, and to be able to remove iron from ore allowed for rapid increases in weapons making, brought the development of tools that benefit civilization and gave greater ability to perform tasks, such as manufacturing and transportation. Modern/Advanced age - Computers and the Internet - The ability to perform basic thinking processes much faster enables business, science and commerce to proceed much more efficiently

22. 26 Journey into Time…. 1200 B.C. – A.D. 1 Quality of wrought iron is improved Swords are mass produced Siege towers are perfected Greeks develop manufacturing Archimedes introduces mathematics in Greece Concrete is used for arched bridges, roads and aqueducts in Rome.

23. An example of technology was during the Stone Age when the first knife or shovel was made from a piece of stone. An example of technology is the products that were invented during the space program , which have allowed engineers and other scientists to use variations of these products and materials in manufacturing. An example of technology is Ultra sound, MRI, CAT scans and other forms of nuclear imaging, Rubella (and Corona Vaccine ??) which allow doctors to see inside the human body using a blending of medical technology, nuclear technology and computer technology. Computer, Electronic and IT world : An example of technology is the Internet which has made up-to-date information available to anyone with access in a matter of moments and provides real time information about events around the world.

24. 28 Journey into Time…. A.D 1-1000 Chinese further develop the study of mathematics Gunpowder is perfected Cotton and silk manufactured

25. 29 Journey into Time…. 1000-1400 Silk and glass industries continued to grow Leonardo Fibonacci, a medieval mathematician, writes the first Western text on algebra

26. 30 Journey into Time…. 1400-1700 First toilet is invented in England Galileo constructs a series of telescopes, with which he observes the rotation about the sun Otto von Guerick first demonstrates the existence of a vacuum Issac Newton constructs first reflecting telescopes Boyle’s Gas Law, stating pressure varies inversely with volume, is first introduced.

27. 31 Traveling Through the Ages: 1700-1800 Industrial Revolution begins in Europe James Watt patents his first steam engine Society of Engineers, a professional engineering society, is formed in London First building made completely of cast iron built in England

28. 32 Traveling Through the Ages: 1800-1825 Machine automation is first introduced in France First railroad locomotive is designed and manufactured Chemical symbols are developed, the same symbols used today (Au, He) Single wire telegraph line is developed

29. 33 Journey into Time…. 1825-1875 Reinforced concrete is first used First synthetic plastic material is created Bessemer develops his process to create stronger steel in mass quantities First oil well drilled in Pennsylvania Typewriter is perfected

30. 34 Journey into Time…. 1875-1900 Telephone is patented in the US by Alexander Graham Bell Thomas Edison invents the light bulb and the phonograph Gasoline engine developed by Gottlieb Daimler Automobile introduced by Karl Benz

31. 35 Traveling Through the Ages: 1900-1925 Wright brothers complete first sustained flight Ford develops first diesel engines in tractors First commercial flight between Paris and London begins Detroit becomes center of auto production industry

32. 36 Traveling Through the Ages: 1925-1950 John Logie Baird invents a primitive form of television The VW Beetle goes into production First atomic bomb is used The transistor is invented

33. 37 Journey into Time…. 1950-1975 Computers first introduced into the market, and are common by 1960 Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite, put into space by USSR First communication satellite—Telstar—is put into space The U.S. completes the first ever moon landing

34. 38 Journey into Time…. 1975-1990 The Concord is first used for supersonic flight between Europe and the U.S. Columbia space shuttle is reused for space travel First artificial heart is successfully implanted

35. 39 Journey into Time…. 1990-Present Robots travel on Mars The “Chunnel” between England and France is finished GPS is used to predict and report weather conditions, as well as many other consumer applications

36. Relation between technology and society Mutual: The relationship between technology and society is reciprocal. Society drives technological change, while changing technologies in turn shape society.  Technological decisions should take into account both costs and benefits. Both are required hand in hand to promote development. We cannot imagine a society without technology, nor technology without society. the exponential rise of technology has left a positive mark on society. The major fields of society that technology has impacted include: transportation, agriculture, communication, medicine, education, and business, which are all significant.

37. History of Engineering Practice in Eastern Society Engineering practices in eastern societies can be with significant events as follows. During 5000 BC, civilization developed near Yanshao , where people roamed seeking new soil for animals and agriculture. People used earthen pottery and stone tools. During 4000 BC, early Chinese communities planned cities according to Grid pattern with intersecting streets at right angles to each other. During 3300 – 3200 BC, Egyptians first developed a system of Division of Labor on closed societies in Sumar and Egypt, particularly among merchants and metal workers.

38. During 3500-3000 BC, in Sumeria , the appearance of towns and cities coincide with the production and distribution of goods through trades. In 132 AD, Chinese philosopher Chang Heng invented a Seismoscope . In 510 AD, China’s Grand Canal (Shan-Yang) in southern China was built connecting Yangtze (Chang-Jiang) and Huang-He (yellow river), which played a lifeline for north China providing a transportation route for grains and commodities. During 704 AD, the Buddhist text “ Dharani Sutra” was printed in Korea during 704-751 AD, using block-printing technique. It is the oldest existing printed book.

39. In 805 AD, the forerunners of Gun were invented, which is called ‘fire lance’, early models consisting of Roman Candles tied two spears, resembling flame throwers. In 1040 AD, Chinese writer Tseng Kung – Liang published the first known Gun-powder formula for use in three weapons- a. Bomb held by a king of catapult, b. Bomb with hooks and c. Poison smoke ball In 1045-1048 AD, Pi-Sang invented movable type of printing. Printing with movable type was developed in Europe in mid 15th century.

40. In 1250 AD, true guns with a gun powder chamber and strengthening explosion chamber to prevent splitting appeared in China. In less than a century, guns reached in Europe and changed to characters of medieval warfare. In 1805 AD, Habaoka Seishu performed the first Surgery under a general anesthesia in Japan. The Iranians built many bridges, however of which some survive from the time of Shapur -I (300 AD).

41. In 400 AD, the Sassaid kings built a great palace at Ctesiphon, which was a capital on Tigris, north east of deserted Babylon and downstream from the village of Baghdad. Part of this palace still stands, including most of the vaulted dining hall –“the widest single span vault of unreinforced brick work in the world.” The vault is 77 feet wide at the base and 112 feet high. In 515 BC, Persian building method with stone instead of wood introduced in to India when Darius conquered the Punjab.

42. History of Engineering Practice in Western Society Engineering practices in western societies can be traced out with significant events as follows. In 3000-1000 BC, Stonehenge – a monument consisting of concentric circles of stone oriented towards the Sun position on the summer solstice in England. In 300-100 AD, agriculture and power appeared in ancient Mesoamerica. In 250-900 AD, Maya created and maintained a sophisticated pair of interlocking calendar to help them plan ceremonies. In 1268 AD, English scientist and philosopher Roger banon records a statement about using lenses to improve vision with eyeglasses. At the end of 13th century, many wealthy and elite people in Europe, Asia, and Africa wear glasses.

43. In 1487 AD Aztee ruler Ahuizotl dedicated the new Tempo Mayor (great temple), an enormous double pyramid in Tenochtitlan to the warrior God of the Sun. In 1673 AD, English Mathematician, John Hadlley and American inventor Thomas Godfery independently invented the Sextant, an optical instrument to measure angular distance between any two objects. In 1747-1752 AD, American Scientist Benjamin Franklin theorized that lightning is a form of electricity. In 1780 AD, Scottist inventor James Watt and English manufacturer Matthew Boulton began manufacturing a steam engine for individual use. In 1793 AD, American Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, a device that rapidly and effectively removes the seeds from cotton fiber.

44. In 1807 AD, American inventor and engineer Robert Fulton inaugurated a new era of power driven navigation as a steamboat. In 1660 AD, a fine opportunity for planned city was offered after a great fire of London by John Evelyn, the diarist and civil servant and Christopher Wren, an architect to Charles II for rebuilding the burnt city before the ashes cool down. In 1548-1620, Simon Stevin discovered the triangle of forces in Netherlands, which helped to calculate the actual load on the members of cranes, trusses and other structures.

45. Stevin’s younger contemporary Galileo Galilel in 1564-1642 AD, solved the problem of accelerated movement and began the analysis of stresses in beams. Technical men organized the society of Lynxes to which Galileo belonged. The first research institute was founded in 1560 AD. Engineering school appeared in France in 1800 AD and at the same time specialization within engineering profession took place. John Smeaton , who went to France in 1750’s AD to round off his technical education, called himself ‘Civil engineer’ meaning non-military engineer.

46. History of Technology Development in Nepal The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology is the apex government body tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the development of science and technology in Nepal. science and technology have invariably lagged behind in the priority list of the government. Nepal was a late entrant into the modern world of science and technology….. Some of the eminent scientific research institutions in the country include: Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Policy Research

47. After the advent of technology in 1950, the embracing in the path of modernization S&T activities took place along with the inception Development plan in 1956 • S&T included in the 6th Development Plan (1980-1985) S&T is included in New Constitution in 1990, S&T related institutions set up during last 5 decades Low ration of S&T manpower (0.4 per 1000) and low Research & Development expenditure (0.34% of GNP), Nepal faces formidable challenge seeking political commitments with long term vision and recognition of S&T as the strategic variable for overall national development

48. Social Transformation Social transformation refers to the process of change in institutionalized relationships, norms, values, and hierarchies over time. It is the manner in which society changes due to economic growth, science, technological innovations, and war or political upheavals. On their way to postindustrial society, humans passed through types of societies. Each emerged from a social revolution that was linked to new technology.

49. Advantages of Society and Technology Technology affects the way individuals communicate, learn, and think.  It helps society and determines how people interact with each other on a daily basis. It makes a society dynamic and progressive. Technology promotes unity and security. It guides to bring socio-cultural and economic development.

50. Disadvantages Technology Security issues Fast destroying rate Loss of Naturalities Lack of emotional attachment Situation may go beyond human control ………………………………….

51. Challenges of adopting new technology Challenging? Profitable?? Reversible??? ………………… …

52. Engineering Professional Practices The term ' professional practice ' refers to the conduct and work of someone from a particular profession. Professions are occupations that require a prolonged period of education and training. They are often overseen by  professional  bodies who may accredit educational establishments and qualified  professionals The Principles for Ethical Professional Practice is to provide leadership in the ethics area and facilitate the ongoing dialogue on ethics-related issues.

53. Engineering The profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.

54. History of Engineering Practice Engineers are: For the benefits of mankind. The civilization. Organized. Comforts and conveniences. Our lives and those of our forefathers thousands of years ago. Work in the society.  

55. Engineers for Society Mass production of goods though machines Automation Faster means of transportation Mass communication Inventing labor saving devices Creating faster pace of life Commercializing recreation Emphasizing on high degree of specialization

56. Impact of Engineering in different types of Society At family level of society: Some positive changes: Nuclear family emerged Women started involving in male dominant working areas Changed living standard of life Children started new ways in specialization Started bringing changes orthodox values Some Demerits Life became mechanical Relationship among keen relatives become formal Existing social customs changed Family ties among family member became less

57. In religion societies: Started analyzing religion doctrines and tradition Relaxation occurred in the rigidity of caste system People became free from religious rituals Religion became secondary thing. In rural societies: Population started migrating towards urban areas Populations became increasingly consciousness of their societies People started changed farming techniques People have more comfortable lives than before Their life patterns changed

58. In urban societies: Shortage of land and space for living Rapid increasing in population and slums Transportation problem occurred Crimes increased Life became expensive Money became the most important thing in life

59. Engineering Practices The profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind by using Technology.

60. Engineering Professional Practice(EPP) Engineering Practices Social Change Theory : Technology for social Change; Development of society; Impact of technology on society Profession, Engineering profession and Professionalism TOR of Engineers; Private sector, Public and Government sector; role of Engineers in Community Development Professional institutions Ethics, Code of conduct Difference between NEA and NEC Company Registration Moral Dilemma Duties and Liability of Engineer and Architecture Moral and Non-moral action Negligence, Tort and Liability Engineering Council act 2055 Scope of NEC Engineering Practices in Nepal

61. Principle of Professional Practices 1) Practice reasonable, responsible, and transparent behavior Th at consciously avoids harmful actions by embodying high ethical standards. … by clearly articulating and widely disseminating your organization’s policies and guidelines. … that guarantees equitable services for all constituencies. … that is commensurate with professional association standards and principles. … when resolving differences and addressing concerns. … by nurturing sustainable relationships that are respectful and transcend transactions.

62. 2. Act without bias - when advising, servicing, interviewing, or making employment decisions. when defining what constitutes employment . 3 . . Ensure  equitable  access … W ithout stipulation or exception relative to contributions of financial support, gifts, affiliation, or in-kind services. In the provision of services and opportunities without discriminating on the basis of race, gender, gender identity, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, national origin, disability, age, economic status, or veteran status. By proactively addressing inclusivity and diversity.

63. 4. Comply with laws … A ssociated with local, state, and federal entities, including but not limited to compliance, immigration, and affirmative action. I n a timely and appropriate way if complaints of non-compliance occur and R espond to complaints of non-compliance in a timely and prudent manner.

64. 5. Protect confidentiality of … all personal information related to candidates and their interviews, and their engagement with services, programs, and resources. … student information related to professional plans.

65. EPP in Nepal The Engineering Council Act 2057  https://nec.gov.np/uploads/brochure/1DQ1j9jqeZ17 0622102426.pdf The Engineering Council Act 2057 came into existence under the Engineering Council Ain, 2055, Section 37.  The Act was initiated for making the engineering profession effective and impressive. Major objectives of the NEC : a. To make engineering profession more effective b. To regulate systematically and scientifically the engineering profession in Nepal c. To register engineers in the Council according to their qualifications.

66. Engineering Practice in Nepal 1850: Iron Bridge in Bagmati River 1888-95- Public water supply system, royal palace, clock tower, suspension bridge 1911- first hydroelectric power plant in Pherping Sidhhartha highway, east west highway, Trishuli hydropower , 1942: History traced in nepal

67. Development of Science and Technology in Nepal Computer https://www.rameshprasadkoirala.com.np/2021/08/history-of-computer-in-nepal.html History of computer and IT in Nepal https://techsansar.com/computer-history-nepal/ Development of Science and Technology in Nepal file:///C:/Users/Dell/Downloads/10.1.1.930.5713%20(1).pdf

68. EPP in Nepal The Engineering Council Act 2057 https ://nec.gov.np/uploads/brochure/1DQ1j9jqeZ17 0622102426.pdf The Engineering Council Act 2057 came into existence under the Engineering Council Ain, 2055, Section 37.  The Act was initiated for making the engineering profession effective and impressive. Major objectives of the Ain:- a. To make engineering profession more effective b. To regulate systematically and scientifically the engineering profession in Nepal c. To register engineers in the Council according to their qualifications.