ESE-Biological and Ecological Concept.ppt

2. andand
Environmental Science and EngineeringEnvironmental Science and Engineering
BiologicalBiological
Ecological ConceptEcological Concept
ARIOLA, John Antonio | BALBA, Gerry | BERNARDO, Bench Izzy | ORCINE, Juliana ClaireARIOLA, John Antonio | BALBA, Gerry | BERNARDO, Bench Izzy | ORCINE, Juliana Claire

3. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMBIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
TOPICS THAT WILL BE DISCUSSED
1
Cell
Structure
2
Classification
of Organisms
Major Groups
of Organisms
4
Microbial
Growth
3

4. CELL STRUCTURE
The basic functional and structural unit of all living
organisms is the cell. There are two types of cells,
prokaryotic and eukaryotic which categorized primarily
according to their genetic material and the complexity of
their structure.

6. ROBERT HOOKE
The first cells were observed and named
by Robert Hooke in 1665 from slice of cork.
This discovery led to the development of
the classical cell theory.

8. CELL THEORY
THEODOR SCHWANN
GERMAN PHYSIOLOGIST
All living things are made up of cells.1.
Cells are the smallest working unit of
all living things.
2.
All cells come from pre-existing cells
through cell division.
3.
MATTHAIS SCHLEIDEN
GERMAN BOTANIST

9. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR
STRUCTURES PRESENT IN A CELL?

10. CELL MEMBRANE
Separates the material outside the cell,
extracellular, from the material inside
the cell, intracellular. It maintains the
integrity of a cell and controls passage
of materials into and out of the cell.

11. CYTOPLASM AND ITS ORGANELLES
A semi-liquid jelly-like material, which joins
the nucleus and the cell membrane. In the
cell, the cytoplasm is embedded, while other
cell organelles such as endoplasmic
reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes,
vacuoles, etc. are all suspended within it.

12. NUCLEUS
Formed by a nuclear membrane around a fluid
nucleoplasm, is the control center of the cell.
It determines how the cell will function, as
well as the basic structure of that cell.

13. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS
Scientists group organisms into meaningful
classifications. Large groups include many organisms with
few similarities. Small groups include few organisms
having more similarities. The classifications are
categorized into the following hierarchy: domain,
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.

14. CAROLUS LINNAEUS

15. Father of Modern Taxonomy.
He was the first to name and classify plants and animals.
a Swedish naturalist and explorer who was the first to frame principles for
defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform
system for naming them which is called binomial nomenclature or Linnaean
system of classification established in the 1750s.
Example: Cow - Bos taurus
Lion - Panthera leo
CAROLUS LINNAEUS

16. WHAT ARE THE CLASSIFICATIONS
OF ORGANISMS?

18. Dear
King
Philip
Came
Over
For
Good
Spaghetti

19. DOMAIN
largest category into which organisms are classified.
Eukaryotes - organisms
with nucleated cells and
various organelles
Prokaryotes - single-cell organism
whose cell lacks a nucleus and
other membrane-bound organelles.
EXAMPLES :

20. DOMAIN
Eukaryotes

Archaea
Eubacteria
Prokaryotes

Fungi
Protists
Plants
Animals

21. KINGDOM
one of the major taxonomic ranks in the hierarchical system
of classification, just below the domain level. It groups
organisms based on fundamental similarities in their cellular
structure, mode of nutrition, and overall organization.
Examples:
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protist, Fungi, Plant, and Animal kingdoms.

22. PHYLUM
is a level of classification in taxonomy that groups organisms
based on their major body plans or structural features.
Phylum Chordata includes animals that have, at some stage in
their life, a notochord , a dorsal nerve cord, and a post-anal tail.
Phylum Arthropoda includes animals with exoskeletons,
segmented bodies, and jointed appendages

23. CLASS
it groups organisms within a phylum that share more specific
characteristics. Members of the same class have even more in
common with each other than with organisms in other classes
within the same phylum.
Class Mammalia Class Aves Class Reptilia

24. ORDER
Order groups organisms within a class that share even more
specific characteristics and evolutionary traits.
Class Mammalia
Order Carnivora
Order Primates
Order Cetacea

25. FAMILY
It groups organisms within an order that are even more
closely related to each other, sharing more specific
characteristics and a more recent common ancestor.
Order Carnivora
Family Felidae
Family Canidae
Family Ursidae

26. GENUS
It groups species that are closely related and share a common
ancestor. Organisms within the same genus are very similar to
each other and often have many shared characteristics.
Family Felidae
Genus Panthera
Genus Felis

27. SPECIES
It refers to a group of organisms that are so closely related that
they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Members of
the same species share very similar characteristics, behaviors, and
genetic makeup.
Homo sapiens: The species name for modern humans.
Panthera leo: The species name for lions.

28. SPECIES
It refers to a group of organisms that are so closely related that
they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. Members of
the same species share very similar characteristics, behaviors, and
genetic makeup.
Homo sapiens: The species name for modern humans.
Panthera leo: The species name for lions.

31. MAJOR GROUPS OF ORGANISMS
The vast diversity of life on Earth can be organized into
distinct groups based on shared characteristics and
evolutionary history. Biologists categorize organisms into
major groups or domains, which include Bacteria, Archaea,
Eukarya (encompassing Protists, Fungi, Plants, and
Animals), and Viruses.

32. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR
GROUPS OF ORGANISMS?

33. BACTERIA
A single-celled, prokaryotic organisms that lack a
nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
EXAMPLES :
Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common bacterium found in the intestines of
humans and animals.
Streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterium responsible for pneumonia and
other respiratory infections.

34. ARCHAEA
A unicellular, prokaryotic organisms that
are distinct from bacteria, with unique
genetic sequences and membrane
compositions.
EXAMPLES :
Thermophiles, which thrive in high-temperature environments, such as
Thermococcus.
Methanogens, which produce methane as a byproduct of metabolism.

35. EUKARYA
Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms,
characterized by cells with a true nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles.
This domain is divided into several kingdoms:

36. A. PROTISTS
Protists are a diverse group of mostly unicellular
eukaryotes that do not fit neatly into the other kingdoms.
e.g amoeba and plasmodium
a simple, single-
celled organism.
the parasite
responsible for
malaria.

37. B. FUNGI
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include molds, yeasts,
and mushrooms.
e.g Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Penicillium
commonly
known as
baker's yeast.
the parasite
responsible for
malaria.

38. C. PLANTAE
Plants are multicellular, primarily autotrophic eukaryotes
that perform photosynthesis.
e.g Arabidopsis Thaliana and Sequoia Sempervirens
a model
organism in
plant biology.
the coast
redwood tree.

39. D. ANIMALIA
Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that
exhibit a wide range of body forms and functions.
e.g Homo Sapiens and Panthera Leo

40. VIRUSES
A cellular entities that consist of a nucleic acid
core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
EXAMPLES :
Influenza Virus, which causes the flu.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which causes AIDS.

41. MICROBIAL GROWTH

42. WHAT IS MICROBIAL
GROWTH?

43. Refers to an increase in number of cells rather than an
increase in cell size.
It is divided into four main stages
Lag Phase
Log Phase
Stationary Phase
Decline Phase
Mainly occurs in microorganisms.
MICROBIAL GROWTH

44. 4 MAIN STAGES OF
MICROBRIAL GROWTH

45. LAG PHASE
No increase in total number
of living cells

46. LOG PHASE
Exponential increase in
number of living cells

47. STATIONARY PHASE
no change in the number of living
cells and the rate of cell division
and death is roughly equal

48. DECLINE PHASE
Exponential decrease in number of
living cells. The number of cells that
die is greater than the number of
cells produced

50. WHY IS THIS
IMPORTANT?

51. IMPORTANCE
Microorganisms play a critical role in recycling nutrients in the biosphere
and in the treatment of wastewater, contaminated groundwater, and
hazardous wastes.We need to understand their nutritional requirements
for growth and their phases of growth in order to develop technologies
that can be implemented to treat wastes biologically. Microorganisms
known as decomposers are especially important in breaking down dead
plants and animals, and excreta, thus enabling the recycle of organics and
nutrients in the biosphere.

52. a gram-negative-rod shaped bacteria that has the
ability to consume or eat certain types of plastic
prefers a type of plastic called polyethylene
terephthalate, or PET. PET is a type of plastic commonly
used to make water bottles and food packages.
IDEONELLA SAKAIENSIS

54. Choose two classifications of organisms from the list below, compare
and contrast their cell structures, and explain how these differences
reflect their evolutionary adaptations:
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes1.
Plants vs. Animals2.
Fungi vs. Protists3.
Archaea vs. Bacteria4.
Single-celled vs. Multicellular organisms5.
ACTIVITY #1

55. Environmental Science and EngineeringEnvironmental Science and Engineering
ARIOLA, John Antonio | BALBA, Gerry | BERNARDO, Bench Izzy | ORCINE, Juliana ClaireARIOLA, John Antonio | BALBA, Gerry | BERNARDO, Bench Izzy | ORCINE, Juliana Claire
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YOUYOU
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