ESL 130- ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP.pdf

Esl 130

1. ESL 130-ELECTRICAL &
ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP

2. Continuous Internal Evaluation Pattern:
•Attendance: 20 marks
•Class work/ Assessment /Viva-voce: 50 marks
•End semester examination (Internally by the college) : 30 marks
•End Semester Examination Pattern: Written Objective Examination of one hour

3. List of Exercises / Experiments
•1. Familiarization/Identification of electronic components with specification (Functionality, type, size, colorcoding, package,
symbol, cost, etc. [Active, Passive, Electrical, Electronic, Electro-mechanical, Wires, Cables, Connectors, Fuses, Switches,
Relays, Crystals, Displays, Fasteners, Heat sink etc.)
•2. Drawing of electronic circuit diagrams using BIS/IEEE symbols and introduction to EDA tools (such as Diaor XCircuit),
Interpreting data sheets of discrete components and IC’s, Estimation, and costing.
•3. Familiarization/Application of testing instruments and commonly used tools. [Multimeter, Function generator, Power
supply, DSO etc.] [Soldering iron, Desoldering pump, Pliers, Cutters, Wire strippers, Screwdrivers, Tweezers, Crimping tool,
Hot air soldering and de-soldering station etc.]
•4. Testing of electronic components [Resistor, Capacitor, Diode, Transistor and JFET using a multimeter.]
•5. Inter-connection methods and soldering practice. [Bread board, Wrapping, Crimping, Soldering -types -selection of
materials and safety precautions, soldering practice in connectors and general purpose PCB, Crimping.]
•6. Printed circuit boards (PCB) [Types, Single sided, Double sided, PTH, Processing methods, Design and fabrication of a
single-sided PCB for a simple circuit with manual etching (Ferric chloride) and drilling.]
•8. Assembling of electronic circuit/system on general purpose PCB, test and show the functioning (Any Two circuits).
•1. Fixed voltage power supply with transformer, rectifier diode, capacitor filter, more zener/IC regulator.
•2. Square wave generation using IC 555 timer in IC base.
•4. RC coupled amplifier with transistor BC107.

4. Experiment 1
•Familiarization of
•active &passive components
•electrical, electronics,
•electro-mechanical components,
•wires, cables, connectors,
•fuses, switches,
•crystals, displays, heat sink
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 4

5. ELECTRONICS
•Derived From Greek Word eleKtron:-Study of an
electron under different conditions of externally applied
fields
•Electronicsis a branch of science that deals with flow of
electrons under the influence of externally applied fields
•Electronics engineeringis concerned with the design,
fabrication, and operation of electronic circuits, devices
and systems.

6. THE EVOLUTION OF
ELECTRONICS IS MAINLY
THROUGH THREE KEY
COMPONENTS
THE VACUUM TUBE,
THE TRANSISTOR
AND
THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT.

7. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 7
Electronic
components
Passive
Resistors
Capacitors
Inductors
Active
Tube devices
Semiconductor
devices

9. Tube
devices
Vacuum
Tubes
Vacuum
diode
Vacuum
triode
Vacuum
pentodes
Gas Tube
Gas diodes
Thyratron
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 9
controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum.
Using inert gas

10. Semiconductor devices
Junction
diodes
Transistor
BJT
Field effect
transistors
Uni-junction
transistor
Silicon
controlled
rectifier
Tunnel diodes
Zenerdiodes
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 10

11. CLASSIFICATION OF RESISTORS

12. Specification
•Resistance value:-The value of resistance expressed in ohms.
•Tolerance: Percentage deviation from the rated value.
•Power rating/Wattage rating/Power handling capacity:-The maximum
power that the resistor can dissipate safely.
•Voltage rating : The maximum voltage that can be applied across a
resistor.

13. Passive devices
1. Resistors
Symbol for fixed resistors
•The power rating of a resistor is the specification given with a
resistor that serves to tell the maximum amount of power that
the resistor can withstand.
•Thus, if a resistor has a power rating of 1/4 watts, 1/4 watts is the
maximum amount of power that should be fed into the resistor
without damaging it
1.1. Carbon film resistors
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 13

14. Experiment no 1:Carbon film resistors

15. Carbon resistors

17. 1.2 Color coding
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 17

18. Wire wound resistor:-Commonly made by winding a metal
wire, usually nichrome around a ceramic, plastic, or fiberglass core.

19. 1.2 Variable resistors
1.2.1 Potentiometer
symbol:
a) Carbon type
The carbon film potentiometers are formed by depositing carbon
composition ink on an insulating body
b) Wire wound
This potentiometer comprises of several rounds of wire wound around
the shaft of the non-conducting material
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 19

20. Potentiometer:

21. 1.2.2 Rheostat
Linear or slide types are constructed of resistive wire
wound on an insulatingcylinder.
A sliding contact is used to increase or decrease the
resistance.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 21

22. Rheostats:

23. CAPACITOR TYPES
⚫Therearetwotypesofcapacitors
⚫Fixedcapacitors
⚫Variable(or Adjustable) capacitors
⚫Fixed Capacitor:Capacitor whose capacitance values remains at a constant value are known as fixed
capacitor.
⚫Fixed capacitors are further classified as: based on their dielectric material
⚫Papercapacitor
⚫Ceramiccapacitor
⚫Micacapacitor
⚫Polyester capacitor
⚫Electrolyticcapacitor
⚫Variable Capacitor :In a variable capacitor the capacitance value can be varied over a specified resistance
range.
⚫Variable capacitor are classified as:
⚫Gang capacitor
⚫Trimmer
⚫Padder

24. Capacitor
Symbol
1.Mica capacitor
•Plates of Al separated by sheets of Mica
•Excellent characteristics under stress of temperature variations & high
voltage applications.
2. Paper capacitor
•Paper is rolled b/w 2 metal foils
•Consists of 2 metal foils separated by strips of paper.
•Paper soaked with wax, plastic or oil
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 24

25. 3. Ceramic capacitor
•Ceramic disc coated on 2 sides with a metal (copper or silver)
•Coatings act as 2 plates
•Tinned lead wires are also attached
•Low leakage currents so used in ac & dc circuits
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 25

26. 4. Polyester capacitor
•polyester film for its dielectric which sits between the two
capacitor plates
•Circuits where the capacitor needs to handle high peak current
•General coupling and decoupling applications and DC blocking.
•Audio applications
•Filtering, where high tolerance levels -not required.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 26

27. CAPACITOR VALUE CALCULATIONS
⚫If the number written on the capacitor is > 1, the value will bepF, otherwise μF
.(Eg.104 means 10,0000 pF or 0.1μF , 0.1 means 0.1μF)
⚫If the letter k, n ,M is written in between the numerals ,the value of capacitor
can be obtained by putting a decimal place in place of that letter & multiply it by
factor kpF, nF, μF(Eg.4k7 means 4.7kpF, 4M7 means 4.7μF , 2n2 means 2.2nF)
⚫If the letter n ,Mis written after the numerals numerals,the value of capacitor
can be obtained multiply it by factor nF, μF(Eg.47n means 47nF, 22M means
22μF)
⚫If their are three digit number the first two digit denotes the first two digit of the
value ,third digit denote the multiplier
⚫If a letter follows the three digit then it denotes the tolerance value

28. NUMBERING OF CERAMIC CAPACITORS

29. NUMBERING OF ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS

30. COLOURCODINGOFCAPACITORS

31. Capacitor color coding
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 31

32. •The first two numbers describe the value of the capacitor and
the third number is the number of zeros in the multiplier.
••When the first two numbers are multiplied with the multiplier,
the resulting value is the value of the capacitor inpicofarads.
•10x10^4pf

33. 5. Electrolytic Capacitors
•Polarised-DC voltage applied to the capacitor terminals must be of the
correct polarity,
•One plate: metal, other plate: electrolyte, dielectric: metal oxide
•The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly
suitable for passing or bypassing frequency signals up to some mega-hertz
•storing large amounts of energy.
•They are widely used for decoupling or noise filtering in power supplies
•for coupling signals between amplifier stages
•Has polarity
•Length of the leads are different (longer for the positive lead)
•Silver band on the negatively charged lead
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 33

35. Inductors
•A passive two-terminal electrical component which
resists changes in electric current passing through it.
•It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually
wound into a coil around a core.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 35

36. •Transformer
•Consists of 2 or more coils
•To transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another at different
voltage without changing the frequency.
•Based on mutual inductions
•IFT Intermediate Frequency Transformer
•In radio receivers, radio frequencies are reduced to lower frequencies called
intermediate frequencies.
•IFT is a device that is tunableto IF
•Standard IF in radio reception is 455kHz.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 36

37. Transformer

38. INTERMEDIATE FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER

39. Active components
1.Diode
1.1 Rectifier diode (1N4001)
•1N single junction
•Conduct in only one direction
•Symbol shows the direction of conventional current flow
•Diodes are specified by type, peak inverse voltage and current rating.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 39

40. 2. Zenerdiode (eg. Sz6.8)
•allows current to flow in the forward direction in the same manner as
an ideal diode,
•but also permits it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is
above a certain value known as the, Zenerknee voltage, after which
the voltage across the diode remains constant.
•Used as voltage regulators.
•Available in different voltage specifications. 3.9V,5.6V,6.2V etc. 5V6=>
5.6 V
•Black ring is the cathode
•Values of voltage are marked on the zener
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 40

41. 3. Point contact diode
•Similar to pnjunction diode.
•Example :OA79 (Ge)
•Electrode with plate like structure is the cathode. (black ring)
•Constructed by making a point contact by a group 3 metal on
an “n-type” semiconductor.
•Used in radio receivers as a detector (high frequency
applications).
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 41

42. 4. LED-Light Emitting Diode
•When the device is forward-biased, electrons cross the pnjunction from
the n-type material and recombine with holes in the p-type material.
•When recombination takes place, the recombining electrons release energy
in the form of photons.
•Various impurities are added during the doping process to establish the
wavelength of the emitted light.
•The wavelength determines the color of visible light
•The first visible red LEDs were produced using gallium arsenide phosphide
(GaAsP) on a GaAssubstrate.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 42

43. 2. Transistor
•It is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch
electronic signals and electrical power.
•It is composed of semiconductor material usually
with at least three terminals for connection to an
external circuit.
•Emitter
•Base
•Collector
•PNP -BC 557,SK 100
•NPN -BC 547, SL100
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 43

44. 3. FET (Field Effect Transistor)
•Example :BFW 10
•FETs are also known as unipolar transistorsas they involve single-carrier-type
operation
•Input impedance is high-ideal for input for instrumentation applications.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 44

45. 4. UJT (UnijunctionTransistor) (2N2646)
•3 terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B
1and B
2) and so
known a "double-base diode".
•Two ohmiccontacts B
1and B
2are attached at its ends. The
emitter is of p-type and it is heavily doped; this single PN
junction gives the device its name.
•It is used in free-running oscillators
•pulse generation circuits at low to moderate frequencies
(hundreds of kilohertz).
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 45

46. 5. Power Transistor
•Example 2N3055
•Transistors that are used in high-power amplifiers and power
supplies.
•Applications -lot of power is being used-current and voltage.
•Typical power ratings range from around 10 to 300 W, with
frequency ratings from about 1 to 100 MHz.
•Maximum current values range between 1 to 100 A.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 46

47. 6. Integrated circuit
•An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also
referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic
circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material,
normally silicon.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 47

48. Wires & Cables
Connectors
Displays
Fuses
Switches & Relays
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 48

49. 1.Wires
•Single strand and Multi strand
•usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal.
•Wires are used to bear mechanical loads or electricity and
telecommunications signals.
•Wire connects components and passes current easily from one
part of a circuit to another.
2. Cables
•two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted,
or braided together to form a single assembly
•Ends of which can be connected to two devices, enabling the
transfer of electrical signals from one device to the other.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 49

50. 2.1 Coaxial cable
2.2 Fiber Optic Cable
2.3 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
2.4 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 50

51. 3. Connectors
3.1 USB Connector
3.2 Audio Cables and Connectors
3.3 Video Cables and connector
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 51

52. 4. Networking Related Connectors
4.1 Telephone connectors-RJ11, RJ9
•connecting to the Internet through DSL/ADSL modems.
RJ9
RJ11
4.2 Ethernet Cable
•wired networking
4.3 BNC Connector
•Used to connect signal to CRO
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 52
RJ45

53. 5. Banana connector
•is a single-wire electrical connector used for joining wires to
equipment.
•Used to take signals from signal generator/ Power supply
6. Crocodile Connector
•It is a simple mechanical device for creating a temporary electrical
connection
•Named for its resemblance to an alligator's or crocodile's jaws
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 53

54. 7. Fuses
•A fuse is nothing more than a short length of wire designed to melt and
separate in the event of excessive current.
•connected in series with the component(s) to be protected from over
current, so that when the fuse blows (opens) it will open the entire
circuit and stop current through the component(s).
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 54

55. 1. SPST -Single Pole, Single Throw
2. SPDT -Single Pole, Double Throw
3. DPST-Double Pole, Single Throw
4. DPDT-Double Pole, Double Throw
8. Switches
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 55

56. 9. Relays
•A relay is an electro mechanical device which is commonly used to connect
two different circuits.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 56

57. 10. Crystal
•Symbol:
•A crystal oscillator -uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical
signal with a precise frequency.
•This frequency is commonly used-to keep track of time, as in
quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital
integrated circuits
•Quartz crystals are manufactured for frequencies from a few
tens of kilohertz to hundreds of megahertz.
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 57

58. 11. Displays
1. Seven segment display
2. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display
3. LED Display
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 58

59. 12. Heat sink
•A component designed to lower the temperature of an
electronic device by dissipating heat into the surrounding
air.
•All modern CPUs require a heat sink.
•Some also require a fan
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 59

60. 13.Fasteners
A fastener is a hardware device that mechanically joins or affixes
two or more objects together.
Anchor bolt, Nail, screw
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 60

61. M.A.C.E, ECE Department 61

62. •First Letter
•A-Germanium
•B-Silicon
•C-Gallium Arsenide
•D-Indium Antimide
•Second Letter
•C-Audio frequency amplifier
•D-Audio frequency power amplifier
•F-Low power radio frequency amplifier
•P-High power radio frequency amplifier
Reference https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/naming-of-semiconductor-devices.723716/
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 62

63. Ceramic capacitors
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 63

64. •http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/capacitor/cap_5.html
M.A.C.E, ECE Department 64

65. Light Emitting Diode (LED):

66. TRANSISTORS:

67. CRO

68. •DISPLAY CONTROLS
•Commondisplaycontrolincludes:
•Anintensitycontrolisusedtoadjustthebrightnessofthewaveform.As
thesweepspeedisincreased,thereisaneedtoincreasetheintensitylevel.
•Afocuscontrolisusedtoadjustthesharpnessofthewaveform.
•AtracecontrolisusedtorotatethetraceontheCROscreen.
•AcalibrationpointisusedtocalibratetheCRO.Itgivesasteadysquare
waveataparticularsetfrequencyandvoltage.Itallowstheaccuratescaling
ofthetrace.Thestandardcalibrationsignalis0V-2Vat1KHz.

69. •VERTICAL CONTROLS
•Verticalcontrolsareusedtopositionandscalethewaveform
vertically.
•Volts/div.:Forselectingdesiredvoltagesensitivityofthe
verticalamplifiertoobtaintheproperwaveformonthescreen.
•Volts/div.Variable:Providescontinuouslyvariablevoltage
sensitivity.Calibratedpositionisfullyclockwise.
•Position:Controlshorizontalpositionoftraceonscreen.
•VerticalPositionknob:Tomovethetraceupordowntheonthe
screen.

70. Voltage Measurement
•The C.R.O. includes the amplitude measurement facilities
•The waveform can be adjusted on the screen by using shift controls
so that the measurement of divisions corresponding to the amplitude
becomes easy
•Generally to reduce the error, peak to peak value of the signal is
measured

71. To measure the amplitude, we have to use the following
steps:
Step 1. First of all, we have to note down the selection in volts/division from the front panel, selected
for measurement.
Step 2. Now Adjust the shift control to adjust signal on screen so that it becomes easy to count
number of divisions corresponding to peak to peak value of the signal.
Step 3. Note down peak to peak value in terms of the number of divisions on screen.
Step 4. At last use the following relation to obtain peak to peak value in volts.
Vp„p= (Number of divisions or units noted) xVolts/ Divisions
Step 5. Now the amplitude can the be calculated as,
v m = Amplitude =Vp-p/2
While the r.m.s.value of sinusoidal signal can be obtained as,

72. •Period and Frequency measurement
The waveform is displayed on the screen such that one complete cycle is visible on the screen.
Thus accuracy increases of a single cycle occupies as much as the horizontal distance on the screen.
Note the time/division selected on the front panel.