esophgeal diseases (anatomy , physiology).pptx

esophageal diseases
ent

1. Title: Esophageal Diseases

2. Overview Objective: To explore common esophageal diseases, their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Outline: Introduction Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus Common Esophageal Diseases Diagnostic Approaches Treatment Options

3. Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus Structure: Muscular tube (~25 cm) connecting the pharynx to the stomach Lined with mucosa and muscle layers Key Components: Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES) Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Functions: Swallowing and food passage Prevention of reflux

4. Common Esophageal Diseases Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Cause: Weakness of LES Symptoms: Heartburn, regurgitation, chest pain Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) Cause: Acid reflux reaching the throat Symptoms: Hoarseness, chronic cough, sore throat Esophageal Strictures Cause: Chronic GERD or injury Symptoms: Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) Achalasia Cause: LES fails to relax Symptoms: Dysphagia, weight loss, regurgitation Esophageal Varices Cause: Portal hypertension in liver disease Symptoms: Hematemesis (vomiting blood) Esophageal Cancer Types: Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma Symptoms: Dysphagia, weight loss, hoarseness

5. Diagnostic Approaches Endoscopy (EGD): Direct visualization of the esophagus Barium Swallow: X-ray imaging with contrast pH Monitoring: Measures acid levels in the esophagus Esophageal Manometry: Assesses esophageal motility Biopsy: Used to diagnose cancer or infections

6. Treatment Options GERD & LPR: Lifestyle changes, antacids, H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) Fundoplication surgery (for severe cases) Strictures: Endoscopic dilation or stenting Achalasia: Botulinum toxin injection, balloon dilation, or surgery (Heller myotomy) Esophageal Varices: Endoscopic band ligation, beta-blockers, or surgery Cancer: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy

7. Case Study (Optional) Present a clinical case related to one of the esophageal diseases Include: Patient History Clinical Findings Diagnostic Approach Treatment and Outcome

8. Complications of Esophageal Diseases GERD: Barrett's esophagus , strictures, esophagitis Varices: Life-threatening bleeding Achalasia: Aspiration pneumonia Cancer: Metastasis, weight loss, malnutrition

9. Conclusion Esophageal diseases can range from mild to life-threatening. Timely diagnosis and management are essential to prevent complications. Collaboration between gastroenterologists and other specialists (ENT, surgeons) ensures optimal care.